Mahanadhi-Godavari Link Canal project Article by TSBhagawanulu

Mahanadhi-Godavari Irrigation project
Tallamraju Surya. Bhagawanulu, B.A.B.L (Andhra)
Senior Correspondent (retd.) United News of India (UNI)
16-3-4, Official Colony, Maharanipeta.P.O. Visakhaptnam-530002.
Land Line: 0891 2508152.

ABSTRACT:
A FEASIBLE LINK PROJECT OF NATIONAL IMPORTANCE HAS BEEN SELVED AWAY. IT IS A NATURAL GRAVITY LINK CANAL PROJECT BETWEEN MAHANADI AND GODAVARI RIVERS. CENT PERCENT WATER SCARCITY WOULD BE AVOIDED IN THE ORISSA AND ANDHRA PRADESH. AN IRRIGATED LAND OF ABOUT 3.7MILLION HECTARES MAY BE ACHIEVED. HYDEL AND SUB-RESERVOIRPROJECTS CAN BE BUILT. DEPENDENCE ON GROUND WATER RESOURCES FOR IRRIGATION MAY BE AVOIDED. THE USE OF ELECTRIC POWER FOR UNDERWATER RESOURCES CAN BE AVOIDED.
keywords :Mahanadi, Godavari ,Yeleru, Sarada, Pampa River, NATURAL GRAVITY LINK, Inter State River Project.
PREAMBLE:
During the years 1996 -2000 a survey has been conducted and viability of the project was adjudged to be extremely beneficial. The returns on the project can be recouped within a period of about four years.
Main concept of the project is to link the surplus water flowing away into the sea in Mahanadi of Orissa State, which may be diverted to join the Godavari River at the upper-stream near at the Vamsadara project. It flows above Yeleru reservoir project and joins the Godavari. It is more suitable for the rain fed areas of the Orissa state and Srikakulum, Vijayanagaram, Visakhapatnam and East Godavari District. It meets the complete irrigation water needs of the cultivable lands in these four districts. In addition the project meets the water needs of the Industries, drinking water and avoids the need of the Wasting electric power for taping underground water, by way of use of Bore pumps. All the dry lands of these four districts can be totally irrigated. The water flows from 30-70 meters down the slope under gravity. This allows several feeder canals to be interlinked with the gravity downward flow.
National Water Development Agency proposed in the National perspective Plan under Peninsular rivers development component to transfer surplus flows of Mahanadi to Godavari system and to further transfer to water the short Krishna, Pennar and Cauvery rivers. This would enable irrigation of drought prone areas lying in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu.
These proposals of inter basin transfers, after involving several thousands of cores of rupees, when completed, quench the thirst of water scarce population ,irrigate parched lands besides meeting the Industrial water needs in Orissa, Andhra Pradesh and Tamil Nadu states almost cent percent.
MAHANADHI-GODAVARI LINK PROJECT:
Pre feasibility report of Mahanadi-Godavari link projet has been completed and detailed surveys for 932 km link have already been started and were thought to be completed by 1999. The link canal with a bed width of 57m and depth of 7m with a F.S.L of 74m traverse through chronic water scarce areas in Orissa and in Srikakulum. Vijayanagaram, Visakhapatnam and East Godavari Districts of Andhra Pradesh and meets enroute irrigation Bhubaneswar-Cuttack-Ganjam districts. Beginning at Manibhadhra reservoir links cotton barrage. With 74 m height gradient reducing to about 13.91 meters height at the cotton barrage. The link canal touches Rushikaulya-Basuda (partly in Orissa and in Andhra) Sarada, Pampavati Thandava etc Rivers and rivulets. It has only 7m depth at starting point in Manibadhrapur reservoir. It would have a terminal area in Visakhapatnam near Simhachalam with a height of about 7 m.
Irrigation to about 3.7 lacks of hectares’ with areas in Mahanadi, Vamsadhara and irrigates Ganjam and Kurda districts. Has a Hydel power project scope at Manibhadra-Pamovathi areas. Other reservoirs can be built enroute.
Estimated in 1989-90 as about 3416 crores. It runs below Yeleru reservoir ayacut and caters to the needs of coramandal areas.
Preliminary report completed in 1993-94. Would help the water scarce Amravati and Amalapuram areas to dispense with salty drinking water of Godavari adjoining Bay of Bengal. Detailed survey was made in 1994-1997. Project was anticipated to be completed in AD2000.Discharge from Mahanadi 627MCM/sec water to the canal. Discharges about 435CMC/sec at Cotton Barrage.
IT IS A NATURAL GRAVITY LINK CANAL PROJECT. Without the need to pump up the water at any stage of the link canal. Up to anticipated 7000MCM/sec of this MG water available throughout the year. About 11,788 MCM water transferable from river Mahanadi and balance to Manibhadra Canal areas of about 3000CMC. Enroute areas to Godavari expected 577CMC of water supply.
The Technical Assessment Committee and the National Water Development Agency (under Union Ministry of Water Resources) have all the data available with them. Politicians busy with their endeavours should pay attention to projects of National Level importance and benefit.


SURPLUS WATER:
1. Icchahalli 20,000MCM to Nagarjuna Sagar
2. Polavaram 15000 MCM
3. River basins cultivation
a. Vamsadara 103237 hectares
b.Nagavalli 127917 hectares.
c. Stream Nagavalli and Godavari 251978 hectares.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

The irrigation studies made by (Late) Dr.K.L.Rao former Union Minister, Government of India, have inspired me as a journalist to prepare these articles for the benefit of General Public in the Districts of AP, TN, and Orissa states. The map above shows his thoughts.

Polavaram Vijayawada Link Project Article by TSBhagawanulu

POLAVARAM-VIJAYAWADA LINK PROJECT:
Tallamraju Surya Bhagawanulu, B.A.B.L (Andhra)
Senior Correspondent (retd.) United News of India (UNI)
16-3-4, Official Colony, Maharanipeta.P.O. Visakhaptnam-530002.
Land Line: 0891 2508152.

ABSTRACT

The link canal take-off from the proposed reservoir at Polavaram with full supply level of 40.23 mts and after transferring a distance of 174km(120 km in West Godavari and 54 km in Krishna district) the canal tails off into Budemeru upstream of Velegaleru regulator with F.S.L of 27.962m in Krishna district. The water to be transferred to Krishna river flows through a 12km long Budemeru diversion channel from Budemeru regulkator up to Prakasam Barrage. The link canal has been designed with a bed width of 68.5m and depth of 4.9m to carry discharge of 40,000cumsecs of water at the head of the project.

keywords: polavaram project, Budemeru, Jaggampeta, Krishna river,Hyderabad,drinking water

INTRODUCTION:

The 174km long Polavaram-Vijayawada link project has been proposed to carry surplus waters of river Godavari at Polavaram through right bank canal of Polavaram project to Prakasam Barrage on river Krishna in Krishna District. The canal envisages transfer of 5325 million cubic meters of water including 1402 Mm3 for irrigation purpose enroute the canal, in west Godavari and Krishna Districts. The link canal take-off from the proposed reservoir at Polavaram with full supply level of 40.23 mts and after transferring a distance of 174km(120 km in West Godavari and 54 km in Krishna district) the canal tails off into Budemeru upstream of Velegaleru regulator with F.S.L of 27.962m in Krishna district. The water to be transferred to Krishna river flows through a 12km long Budemeru diversion channel from Budemeru regulkator up to Prakasam Barrage. The link canal has been designed with a bed width of 68.5m and depth of 4.9m to carry discharge of 40,000cumsecs of water at the head of the project.The diversion of waters into the canal will be through a head regulator located in a saddle on the right side of the spillway of the Polavaram project. From the regulator the waters will first be let out into two subsidiary reservoirs formed by constructing two saddle dams and connected by open cuts. From the second subsidiary reservoir, the waters will flow through an approach channel and tunnels in to a stilling basin. The canal takes off from a head regulator to be located in the stilling basin.
The Godavari waters Disputes Tribunal (GWDT) stipulates among other provisions, transfer of 2265MCM(80TMC) of water from Godavari at Polavaram to Krishna at Prakasam Barrage. However, considering the development and irrigation potential of Andhra Pradesh region up to the year 2950AD and also with successful completion of the Mahanadi-Godavary link project(*see my other article published at this blogspot)its possible to divert the additional quantity of 1236 Mm3 through the proposed Polavaram-Vijayawada link canal to water deficit Krishna basin after considering the conveyance losses of 260 Mm3 ,the net quatum of water that reaches Krishna will be 350 Mm3.

TRANSFER OF WATER
Apart from affecting the inter basin transfer of water from Godavari to Krishna, the Polavaram-Vijayawada link canal brings under irrigation an additional area of 139740 ha in west Godavari and Krishna districts enroute by utilization of 1402 Mm3 of water at 150% irrigation intensity. The link canal runs parallel to Eluru canal but passes at a higher elevation. The cost of the project was estimated at 148805 lakhs at 1994-95 level including cost of command area development but excluding head works like dam etc.
The feasibility report of the project was thought to be completed by 1998. The benefit cost ratio of the project was worked out at 1:21. The net value of benefits from irrigation in the enroute area because of tghe project worked out to be at Rs.19925.57lakhs. The NWDA has proposed to undertake surveys for transferring the surplus waters of 20,000 Mm3 from Godavari from Inchampally in Karimnagar district to and Pulichintala projects.

TWO CANALS:
These two canals when completesd provide irrigation facilities to drought prone areas in districts of Karimnagar, Warangal, Khammam and Nalgonda.For taking up any of these inter-basin water transfer projects ,the following surveys and reports are essential.
1. Toposheet study involving planning of Head works and system.
2. 2. Reconnaince survey involving identification of proposed project sites, canal alignment etc.
3. Pre-feasibility report and collection opf field data.
4. Detailed field survey and othere investigations for identification of construction materials.
5. Final feasibility report and detailed project report.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

I am indebted to the National Water Development Agency, Under Union Water Resources Ministry ,Governament of India.

In Sept 1804 British & French fought the naval battle of Vizagapatam! It was the biggest district in country

In Sept 1804 British & French fought the naval battle of Vizagapatam! It was the biggest district in country before Srikakulam & Vizianagarm were formed!Visakha is the 2nd son of Shiva;

Also my birthplace!
Email story sent by :
K.V.N.Rao
1 Old Bilerica Road
Bedford. MA 01730-1220
3rd century BC Buddhist ruins of Thotlakonda
The city is said to have derived its name Visakhapatnam from the king who ruled this part with name 'Visakha Varma' (the former King of present Visakhapatnam/Vizag). 'Patnam' is the Telugu word for city.[2]
Visakhapatnam or the place of Visakha, is named after the deity of valor, the second son of Lord Shiva. The other story is that the beauty of the place was compared to the beauty of Sakhi Visakha. The legend is that Radha and Visakha were born on the same day and equally beautiful. The city people believe that an Andhra king, impressed by the beauty, built a temple to pay obeisance to his family deity, Visakha.
[edit]The epic city
The city has been mentioned in the Indian epics Rāmāyaṇa and Mahābhārata, as well as the forests of the Eastern Ghats where the two brothers Rama and Lakshmana wandered in search of Sita, wife of Lord Rama. According to the epics, Rama formed his army of monkey men in the region with the help of Hanuman and Jambavan. The monkey army of Rama later defeated the demon King RAVAN to claim back his wife Sita. An episode of Mahābhārata when Bheema killed the demon Bakasura, was believed to have happened in the village karmanvati, just 25 miles from the city.
[edit]Buddhist influence
The religious Hindu texts mention that the region of Visakhapatnam in the 5th century BC was part of the vast Kalinga territory which extended up to the Godavari River. The relics found in the area also prove the existence of a Buddhist empire in the region. Kalinga later lost the territory to King Ashoka in the bloodiest battle of the time which prompted him to embrace Buddhism.
[edit]Later history
The territory of Viskahapatnam then came under the Andhra rulers of Vengi. Then Chalukyas, Pallavas ruled over the placid land. The Chola kings built the temples in the city in 11-12 century AD as established by archeological findings. The Mughals ruled this area under the Hyderabad Nizam in the late 15th and early 16th century. European merchants from France, Holland and the East India Company used this natural port to export tobacco, ivory, muslin and other textile products.
Local legend states that an Andhra king while on his way to Benares, rested there and was so enchanted with the sheer beauty of the place, that he ordered a temple to be built in honor of his family deity, Visakha. Archaeological sources however reveal that the temple was possibly built between the 11th and 12th centuries by the Cholas. A shipping merchant, Sankarayya Chetty, built one of the mandapams (pillared halls) of the temple. Although it no longer exists (it may have been washed away about a hundred years ago by a cyclonic storm), elderly residents of Vizag talk of visits to the ancient shrine by their grandparents. Noted author Ganapatiraju Atchuta Rama Raju contradicted this.[3]

In the 18th century, Visakhapatnam was part of the Northern Circars, a region comprising Coastal Andhra and southern costal Orissa that was initially under French control and later the British. Visakhapatnam became a district in the Madras Presidency of British India. in September 1804, British and French squadrons fought the naval Battle of Vizagapatam off the harbour. After India's independence it was the biggest district in the country and was subsequently divided into the three districts of Srikakulam, Vizianagaram dist and Visakhapatnam.
The city also has the tomb of the Muslim saint Syed Ali Ishak Madina, located atop the dargah-hill near the harbor in old city, which is dated way back to 18th century, where Hindus make vows at it as often as Muslims. The saint is considered to be all potent over the elements in the Bay of Bengal. Many old residents say that every vessel passing the harbour inwards or outwards used to salute the saint by hoisting and lowering its flag three times, and that many ship-owners offer chadar at the shrine after a successful voyage.
It is also called as Vizag.
[edit]The city


The City overlooking the Beach Road
From being a small fishing village in the twentieth century, Visakhapatnam has grown into an mega industrial hub. Its saga began with the quest of the British to find a suitable port that could serve the hinterland possessing rich mineral wealth. Unlike the western coast of India, the east coast has few undulations to form a natural harbour. Their quest ended with Vizag, the most protected natural harbour in Asia. They started building the harbour in 1927 and in 1933 it was opened to traffic. One more important milestone is the setting up of the Scindia Steam Navigation Co., later known as Hindustan Shipyard Ltd in 1940. With the construction of the K.K. line connecting the iron ore mines of Bailadila in M.P. (present day Chattisgarh), its importance grew. In the 1950s and 1960s the government and the private sector set up large scale basic industries like Bharat Heavy Plates and Vessels (B.H.P.V.), Hindustan Zinc Ltd., Caltex oil refinery (later acquired by government as H.P.C.L.), Coromandel fertilizers, and Andhra Polymers (now LG Polymers). The 1980s saw a major development with the development of the Visakhapatnam Steel Plant and other major industries. Economic liberalization in the 1990s brought a modest growth to the city but not as much as it did to Hyderabad. However, some industries sprang up like Rain Calcining Ltd., expansion of HPCL, setting up of Vizag Export Processing Zone, and the Simhadri Thermal Power plant of N.T.P.C. Visakhapatnam was declared one of ten fastest growing cities of the world in a recent study conducted by the United Nations.


Ramakrishna Mission Near RK Beach
Due to the presence of the Eastern Naval Command, Steel Plant and H.P.C.L., the city has been the home to people from different parts of the country and due to this the city has a cosmopolitan nature.


The Gateway Hotel
The city's main commercial and shopping centres are located in the Dwarakanagar-R.T.C. complex area and Jagadamda Junction area. Since 2000, the Dwarakanagar-R.T.C. complex area has transformed into a commercial hub with new shopping malls and complexes spring up within a radius of 2-3 kilometers. The city is home to many five star hotels such as Taj group, ITC-WelcomGroup and Park Hotels.
There has been a rise in the real estate prices attributed to the Telangana movement for a separate Telangana state, fuelling speculation that Visakhapatnam will become the next capital. Recently various large and small software and BPO companies have announced plans for starting development and outsourcing centres in Vizag, which has also contributed to the rise in real estate prices. Inflows from Non-resident Indians (NRIs) from Vizag have further added to this rise.
Indira Gandhi Zoological Park was set up in 1972 in the city outskirts. The Zoo Park features some of the rarest species in India.
[edit]Strategic importance


The carrier INS Viraat during the President's Fleet Review held in 2006. It was the first time a fleet review was held outside Bombay.
Many battles have been fought in the city during such conflicts as World War II, the Indo-Pakistani War of 1971 and the Bangladesh Liberation War. It was only the second region in South Asia to be attacked by Japanese fighter planes during World War II. Recognising the strategic importance of the city and the role it played during the Bangladesh Liberation War, Pakistan sent its submarine, PNS Ghazi to destroy India's only aircraft carrier. The submarine sank off the coast (Pakistan claims, accidentally hitting one of the mines it laid; India claims, from a depth-charge dropped by the destroyer INS Rajput). The remnants of the submarine are on display on the beach road.


Ariel view from Kailasgiri Hills during night.


Victory at Sea 1971 commemorating victory over Pakistan
The city was so important during times of war that the Indian government decided to set up the Eastern Naval Command, overlooking the more populous Madras and Calcutta, and developed Vizag during that period. The establishment of the E.N.C. soon after the construction of the ship building yard firmly secured Vizag's place in the annals of the Indian Navy. More defence related establishments would later come up including the N.S.T.L. (Naval Science and Technology Laboratories), which is responsible for the development and testing of warship technology, equipment and weapons. The Navy is also constructing a second base as the current base is overpopulated and not sufficient to meet the needs of the E.N.C. Despite its importance, the Naval establishment has become a hindrance for the development of Visakhapatnam. The harbour is not open to the general public for reasons of security, while in Bombay and Cochin, the entire port along with Naval docks are opened for boating and tourism.


The famous submarine museum near "Victory At Sea", Visakhapatnam
Visakhapatnam is surrounded on three sides by the overlapping mountain ranges, and the southeastern city is safeguarded by the Bay of Bengal. Vizag is far away from any international border, both land and sea, making it the choice for strategic placement of the headquarters of the eastern naval command.
[edit]Demographics
Vizag is a cosmopolitan mix of people from various parts of the country. From a population of a few thousand locals during the 18th century and early 19th century the population grew steadily every decade. The city doubled its population from 1990–2000 owing to a large migrant population from surrounding areas and other parts of the country coming to the city to work in its heavy industries. Year
As of 2001 India census,[1] Visakhapatnam had a population of 969,608 and the urban area 1,329,472.[1] After the state government approved the formation of Greater Visakhapatnam with the merger of Gajuwaka municipality and 32 villages in the vicinity in the Visakhapatnam Municipal Corporation, the population of the city and the metro area swelled to 3.3 million[citation needed]. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. The city has an average literacy rate of 70%, higher than the national average of 59.5%. Male literacy is 74% and female literacy is 64 %. 10% of the population is younger than six. Visakhapatnam is listed as one of the Ten Fastest Growing Cities of the World.[4]
Hinduism is practised by the majority of citizens, followed by Islam and Christianity. The city patronised Buddhism for 2 millennia as evident from the presence of many Buddhist sangharamas in the outskirts. The Buddhist population has however waned since. All the religions co-exist peacefully; Visakhapatnam never witnessed communal riots during its entire history.
[edit]Language
Visakhapatnam is predominantly a Telugu speaking city. The Telugu spoken by the middle classes is a standard dialect, while a significant population who have settled down in the city from the adjoining villages and neighbouring districts of East Godavari, Vizianagaram and Srikakulam speak Uttarandhra (North Coastal) Mandalikam dialects. Historians believe that centuries ago, when Uttarandhra was part of the KalingaEmpire, Buddhist missionaries and merchants might have taken Telugu (Derived from Brahmi script) script to Southeast Asia from the shores of Uttarandhra where it parented into the scripts of Mon, Burmese, Thai, Khmer,Siam, Javanese and Balinese languages and even Sinhala of Sri Lanka. Their similarities to Telugu script can be discerned even today.
Visakhapatnam is home to a small Oriya, Maharashtrians, Bengali and Malayalee communities; their migration is of recent origin. Due to the Naval presence and high concentration of public sector industries, Visakhapatnam has a significant Hindi speaking population.
[edit]Climate

K.V.N.Rao
1 Old Bilerica Road
Bedford. MA 01730-1220

A POSSIBLE EXISTANCE OF A GRAVITATIONAL STRANGE PARALLEL UNIVERSE

trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com,Vol.2009, No.11, Dated: 17th November 2009
ON POSSIBLE EXISTENCE OF A GRAVITATIONAL STRANGE PARALLEL UNIVERSE AND REALIZATION OF OTHER FIELD STRENGTHS THROUGH THE STRANGE FIELD STRENGTH.
By Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana
(Retd. Prof. of Physics, SU)
17-11-10 Narasimha Ashram, Official Colony, Maharanipeta.P.O. Visakhapatnam-530002.
lakshminarayana.kotcherlakota@gmail.com: Mobile: 919491902867
ABSTRACT:
The strange field coupling with the gravitation from my model considerations and formulation has been derived to be a geometrical entity. Apart from it we have, of course, the strangeness characterization as per the elementary particle physics first enuniciated in SU(3) Unitary Symmetry. The state of matter created at RHIC does not support to the concept of ordinary colour neutral hadrons and implies the formation of a new state of dense matter. Results of LHC, a bonus of the New Year 2010, are awaited to thwart the current ideas of elementary particle physics. The present work surmises how one may replace the concept of physical entities in terms of purely gravitational strange strength of a parallel universe. Hence no one need be afraid of catastrophic consequence of Hadrons extremely energetic head-on collision of the LHC.
Keywords: Astrophysics, Particle Physics, strangeness, Mathematical Physics, conformon, RHIC, LHC, Cosmology, relativistic field equations, electric charge density, strange quark fluid energy density, quark fluid density, vacuum energy density Bag constant, magnetic monopole strength, Cosmod transformations.

INTRODUCTION:
The idea of textures like monopole, strings and strange fields etc generally thought as due to vacuum symmetry breaking or quantum field fluctuations in the early universe are being extensively investigated as well in order to explain the large- scale structures of the universe apart from other physical features of space-time geometries. String dust solutions of the Einstein Field Equations with spherical or static cylindrical symmetry have been described by Nevin [1] to obtain ‘thickened’ string in the sense of Stachel [2]. Earlier Letelier [3] has constructed a spherically symmetric star consisting of a perfect fluid core for 0≤ r≤ r0 surrounded by string dust for r₀ ≤ r <>r₁. He also gave a new model [4] of a cloud formed by massive strings in the reteam of General Relativity to describe Bianchi type I and Kantowski-Sachs type of cosmologies. It’s interesting that in the evolution of the universe it was suggested the strings to disappear and only particles would eventually remain.
The clouds of strings posses a proper energy density, with the particles attached to the strings. Strings are characterised by a string tension density. K. D. Krori et al [5] have studied this model of Letelier [4] for the case of Bianchi types II, VI0, VIII and IX. The study of cosmic strings has been suggested by Zeld’ovich [6] to give rise to perturbations leading to formation of Galaxies. Kibble [7] sought the possible existence of strings in a large net work structure of the early universe. Obviously they posses stress energy and are coupled with the gravitational field. Vilenkin [8], Gott [9] and Garfinkle [10] have studied the gravitational effects of the strings.
Surprisingly there is no direct evidence of the strings observed in the present day universe. Banerjee [11] studied the role of magnetic field for Bianchi type I string cosmological models. Ramesh Tikekar et al [12] have reported some exact solutions of String Cosmology in Bianchi III Space-Time with and without the electromagnetic field and they assert that when the parameter ‘a’ of the Bianchi type III metric is zero then the physically viable expanding Bianchi type I model in String cosmology persists.
The method to involve Bag Constant B=57MeV/fm3 in the field equations and to determine the energy density of strange quark stars as ρ =4E+14g/cm³ has been detailed by Aktas and Yilmaz [13]for the spherically symmetric space-time admitting one parameter group of conformal motions.
Why anisotropic and inhomogeneous cosmologies are are important? This question led to the formulation of less simplified cosmologies, which would give a satisfactory scenario of the universe and its evolution. Excellent review has been presented by Meisner, Thorn, and Wheeler [14] of these aspects of irregular starting of the universe, on consequent formation of galaxies and to explain certain anisotropy of the background microwave radiation. The study would undoubtedly sets the limits on the possible density and temperature irregularities that might have existed billions of years ago.Misner [15] gave an equation of state for the anisotropy energy density which enters the time diagonal component of the Einstein equations on equal footing along with matter energy density.
The anisotropy energy gets converted into thermal energy, resulting in possible universe of thermal radiation, which is characterized by blue shifted quanta moving along contracting axis and would emit red shifted frequency corresponding to a low energy distribution along other axes. Thus results in a large production of entropy. Destruction of anisotropy seems to be explained away by the processes of adiabatic cooling and viscous dissipation. The virtual quanta presence and the created particle-antiparticle, due to zero-point oscillations (vacuum fluctuations) would also have their energies blue or red shifted in frequencies by the influence of gravitational fields. It’s interesting to note that it is presumed that particle creation process normally uses the anisotropy energy. Inhomogeneous cosmology models involve the metric that has dependence on the space coordinates. Lamaitre [16], Tolman [17], Datt [18] have described models of spherical symmetry of this type and later by Bondi [19]. An alternate approach has been given by Khalatnikov and Lifshitz [20] who have sought to study the widest possible class of solutions near the neighbourhood of a singularity.
Misner [15] studied a more complex homogeneous anisotropic model of cosmology. The three parameters enunciated by him one corresponds to the general scale of the universe, and the other two prescribe the anisotropy. The scale parameter plays the role of time while the anisotropy parameters act as spatial coordinates. Many questions and ambiguities relating to this model were raised by Vladimirov, Mitskievich, Horsky in their book published in 1983.
The state of matter created at RHIC does not support to the concept of ordinary colour neutral hadrons and implies the formation of a new state of dense matter. [21]. Mansouri and Mohazzab [22] state that tunnelling rate in homogeneous and anisotropic cosmologies calculated by the two different methods, Viz. Euclidean and Hamiltonian approaches exhibits an exponentially decreasing probability for tunnelling as the anisotropy increases. Paul and Paul [23] presented details of anisotropic Bianchi-I universe with phantom fields and the cosmological constant. They state that recent astrophysical data obtained from high red shift surveys of Supernovae COBE to WMAP supports the idea that present universe is passing through an accelerating phase of expansion and emphasize the need of models with exotic fields, whose appearance may not be clear. The matter sector of Einstein’s Equations needs to be thus modified with new fields and perhaps new physics is to be explored. Alimohammadi [24] thought of an EOS ω = p/ρ =-1 as the so called phantom divide-line and for ω < -1 a phantom scalar field σ appears. For ω > -1 has the quintessence field consisting of a normal scalar field φ. Star models with Dark Energy discussed by R. Chan et al [25] has inner core as homogeneous with anisotropic pressure. The anisotropy in the pressure changes with M(r)/r with M(r) = 4*π*μ ₀ r^3/ 3 where μ = μ ₀=constant is the anisotropic fluid energy density and r is the radial coordinate.
The gauge theory approach to Quark-gluon Plasma has been studied by the present author and his student Miss A.M.Kulkarni in 1987 hinting at the concept of quark-gluon plasma described in terms of lattice point and hence abandoning of the concept of space-time continuum. Wilson introduced the lattice formalism. Gluon-gluon interaction is more colourful and sought to exhibit the flavour features according to SU (3) symmetry, flavours being Up, Down and Strangeness. The particle cosmology hence suggests possible 64 kinds of neutrinos which imply more flavour degrees of freedom to the quarks. The dense matter also has been thought as to lead to deconfinement of quarks from nucleons at sufficiently high energy, forming essentially quark conducting state, due to the dense packing. This is what is termed as a phase transition from an insulator state to a conductor state. The gauge invariance discovered as a remarkable property of Maxwell’s Equations of Electromagnetism asserts the photon as massless. But Quantum electrodynamics with Ward-Takahashi identities allows certain renormalizability. Quantum chromodynamics , GUTs, the supersymmetry and Super Gravity theories go several steps further to describe the marriage between particle matter physics and the space-time structures.
Originally in 1956 physicist Sakata suggested the three fundamental particles u,d,Λ to explain the occurrence in nature of the about 20 metastable mesons, baryons, anti-baryons, pseudo-scalar mesons and their resonance states. A unified description of the elementary particles has been thus given by Sakata. Zweig termed these three particles as Aces. Gellman-Ne’emann Scheme of eight fold (in the style of Buddhist philosophy) has been found to be more elegant with the completeness of the scheme, however challenged in 1974 with discovery of a new hadron. Present author and Miss. S. P.Shahane in the year 1978-1979 have completely worked out the SU (8) unitary symmetry problem for elementary particles classification and on page 86 of her post-graduate degree dissertation specifies the particle assignments. Also the Lie algebra of the Lorentz group infinitesimal operators which leave the space-time quadratic form invariant have been listed along with their structure bracket expressions. The analogy of these with the generators of angular momentum to describe the Dirac particle of Spin ½ has been given asserting why the Dirac field is invariant under the Lorentz transformations.
In other words, the strangeness concept seems to be only a feature introduced effectively, for the purpose of classification of elementary or the fundamental particles in the subject of Particle Physics and to explain the collision cross-section formulae of accelerator experimental investigations. What is its origin no one ever explicitly stated? The controversial role of strangeness in the spin structure of the nucleon as pointed out by E. Leader et al [26] arose from EMC experiments on polarized deep inelastic scattering of leptons on protons in 1988.
The strange field coupling with the gravitation from my model considerations and formulation has been derived to be a geometrical entity. Realization of the strange stars in terms of the General Theory of Relativity of gravitation and Einstein like relativistic field equations has been a long standing desire of the present author. The present article is one of a culminating work to this desire.
.
THE RELATIVISTIC FIELD EQUATIONS AND THE STRANGE STARS:
The Bianchi III type space-time metric has been considered with the object of realizing the nature of the strangeness property of the universe as a geometrical entity.
ds² = dt² – A²(t) dx² –B² (t) exp (-2*a*x) dy² - C²(t)dz²
where ‘a’ is a constant. A, B, and C are functions of time t only.
The energy momentum tensor for a cloud of string dust with both the magnetic and electric fields has been adopted. The quantity ρ_s is the strange quark fluid energy density, ρ = ρ_q + ρ_s+ B_c being the proper energy density for a cloud of strings. Ε is related to the elementary electrostatic charge I consider strange quark fluid energy density ρs and quark fluid density ρq and as well the vacuum energy density B_c (the Bag constant).
Setting A=B for Bianchi type III for which the parameter ‘a’ is non-zero, the Relativistic field equations according to my model are,
G ¹ ₁ = -1/2 h² - ε² /2 exp(-a*x)/A² ;
G ² ₂ = +1/2 h² - ε² /2 ex p(-a*x)/A² + 4*gs2 * a^2 *exp(-2*a*x)*[1-exp(2*a*x/A^3] ;
G ³ ₃ =- ε² /2 exp(-a*x)/A² + ρ_s x³ x ₃ ;
G ⁴ ₄ = + ε² /2 exp(-a*x)/A ² - ρ u ⁴ u ₄ ;
here gs2 is the square of gs i.e. the strength of the strange field coupling with gravitation. The h² expression is given by gm2*exp(1/A^2)/A^4 with gm2 as the square of the magnetic monopole strength gm. Here u are the fluid flow four- vector, x describe the direction of anisotropy, satisfy the with the conditions u ^μ u _μ = - x ^μ x _μ =1 and u ^μ x _μ =0.

The strange field coupling with the gravitation from my model considerations and formulation has been explicitly derived to be a geometrical entity. Apart from it we have, of course, the strangeness characterization as per the elementary particle physics first enunciated by Sakata and later asserted by Gellmann-Nee’man in their SU (3) unitary symmetry model. This strangeness is what is being extensively pondered upon in the literature for existence of strange stars (neutron stars or quark stars). To the present author’s knowledge no one has ever thought of gravitational strangeness. Thus possibly if one sticks to the string cosmology model then the strings need themselves to be gravitationally strange.
Cosmod transformations and concept of strangeness:
Strangeness has been thought by the present author in the context of classification and categorization of the Spin 2 massive mesons, and way back in 1970s asserted the possible existence of a second type [27,29a,29b,29c] of gravitational force. The Cosmod transformations of the universe one of ordinary universe of gravitons (with possible rest mass however negligibly small it may be) and the another of much more restricted, than the Hubble radius of the present universe has far reaching significance in the models of cosmologies.
A gauge-noninvariant scalar density theory with the object to get the hither to unknown inherent symmetry principle, has been taken as a clue to state that the mass difference of Spin 2 mesons observed in particle theory and almost vanishing rest mass of the graviton of theory of gravitation waves, have its origin in symmetry rather than in dynamics. Essentially, more caution has been made, to consider the mass difference of Spin 2 mesons of particle physics and graviton-like quanta. An imaginary quantum number iξ for Spin 2 particles gives rise to a one dimensional non-unitary transformation and which need not be conserved. The existence of this quantum number and violation of it in a specific way has been sought to provide some clues in the dynamics of Spin 2 particles.
The following transformation has been suggested by the present author for x and γ _{i k}
X==> x’= λ x,
γ _{i k} ==> γ’ _{i k}
(x’) = exp[ξΔ] λ α γ’ _{i k} (λ x)

where Δ is a parameter different for the different Spin 2 particles, value of α chosen appropriately and
Δ ==> Δ’ = Δ if ξ = ξ ‘ .
The transformation for γ _{i k} involves both a gauge transformation and a scale transformation and has been termed by the present author as the “COSMOD TRANSFORMATION”. The integral of the Lagrangian L given by Pauli and Fierz [28] involves certain constants the values [29] which do not subscribe or effect the Cosmod transformations. The Lagrangian is useful to define the Cosmod transformations yielding that λ =exp [-ξΔ] and thus γ’ _{i k}
(x’) ==> λ γ’ _{i k}
(λx). The Cosmod transformation ensures that the mass of a Spin 2 particle in a given space-time universe may be related to the mass of Spin 2 particle of another space-time universe. The graviton-like quanta would have extremely low mass of the order of 1E-103 g, with quantum number ξ_f =-1, and m _f = 1250 MeV: f being the symbol for f-meson. The formula suggested is m _g = m_f exp [-2 ξ_fΔ f].
It has been the suggestion of the author in the years 1976-1977 that based on the considerations of graviton-like quanta of Spin 2 and their inherent symmetry relation (or of its violation) with other Spin 2 particles of elementary particle physics classified under the unitary symmetry, gave an imputes to conjecture the possible existence of STRANGE STARS widely reported almost all the leading daily newspapers in India.
Realization of the strange stars in terms of the General Theory of Relativity of gravitation and Einstein like relativistic field equations has been a long standing desire of the present author. The present article is one of a culminating work to this desire.
STRANGENESS APPROACH TO DETERMINE OTHER PHYSICAL STRENGTHS:
The distinctive feature of the present calculation is the adoption of an asymmetric covariant connection coefficient to be the source of gravitational strangeness. Moreover it has been associated to occur with the G ² ₂. I prefer to present the details of the theory by way of graphical illustrations of the various physical entities. The Figs 1,2,3,4,5 respectively demonstrate the nature of the variations of the physical entities strength of the gravitational strangeness ‘gs’, square of the magnetic monopole strength ‘gm2’, the absolute of the electric field strength ‘e2’, the string quark energy density ‘ rs’ and the proper energy density ‘rh’. Please note that I have used a different notation in the graphical illustrations to signify the physical entities unlike the standard letters mentioned above.

CONCLUSIONS AND SUMMARY:
Present model clearly projects the determination of the role of cosmological magnetic field consistent with a number of astrophysical constraints and the geometric features of the possible new gravitational strangeness. The idea of primordial magnetism through a geometrical approach of strange field is a significant finding of the present work. Large-scale fields observed as seen in the universe today via the characteristics of the high-red shift proto-galaxies thus presumably has its origin in the gravitational strange field a result of the asymmetric covariant connection coefficients. To the present author’s knowledge no one has ever thought of gravitational strangeness. Thus, possibly if one sticks to the string cosmology model then strings need themselves to be gravitationally strange.

Acknowledgment:
The author is deeply indebted to late Professor K. Rangadhama Rao D.Sc. (Madras) D.Sc. (London) for inspiring research endeavour and sustained encouragement.

References:
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9. J. R. Gott Astrophys. J. Vol.288, p.422, 1985
10. D. Garfinkle Phys. Rev. Vol.D32, p. 1323, 1985
11. A. Banerjee, A. K. Sanyal, S. Chakrabarty Pramana (J.Phys.) Vol. 34, p.1, 1990
12. R.Tikekar, L.K. Patel General Relativity and Gravitation Vol. 24, N0.4, p.397, 1992
13. C.Aktas, L.Yilmaz, General Relativity and Gravitation, Vol.39, p.849-862, 2007
14. C.W.Misner, K.S.Thorn, J.A.Wheeler, book on “Gravitation”, WHFreeman Company, San Franscisco, 1973.
15. C.W.Misner, The Isotropy of Universe" Astrophysics J. Vol.151, p431-457, 1968.
16. G.Lamaitre, Formulation of Nebulae in the expanding universe Acad. Sci. Paris. Comptes Rend. Vol.196, p.1085-1087, 1933; “Spherical condensations in the expanding universe”, Acad. Sci. Paris. Comptes Rend. Vol.196, p.903-904, 1933
17. R.C.Tolman,”The effect of inhomogeneity on cosmological models”, Proc.Nat. Acad.Sci.U.S. Vol.20, p.169-176 also see ‘Static solutions of Einstein’s Equations for spheres of fluid’, Phys. Rev. Vol.55, p.364-373, 1939.
18. B.Datt, Z.Phyik, Vol.108, p.314-321, 1938
19. H. Bondi, Môn. Not. R. Astron. Soc. Vol.107, p.410-425, 1947.
20. I.M. Khalatnikov, E.M. Lifshitz, Phys.Rev.Lett, Vol.24, p.76-79, 1970.
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29(a). K. L. Narayana, “on the unification of Gravity and Quantum Physics”, J.Shivaji University, Vol. 17. (Science), p. 13-21, 1977. This paper gives references to several models of Unitary symmetry, Quantum Gravity, mixing phenomenon of photon and meson like the ρ-meson, Gravity Gauge Theories, analogy of Spin 2 Gravitons with Phonons. Also it suggests the nonet of Spin 2 Resonance mesons of positive parity, f 0, f01, A 0± 2 K*±, K0* and Ķ 0*with masses between 1200 to 1600MeV their possible mixing with Graviton. In other words in resonance situation of high energy graviton gets endowed with mass! A canonical linear procedure, in the style of Dirac formulation of Quantum Mechanics by P. A. M. Dirac, has been detailed for the Spin 2 Graviton description with a metric that has subscripts to describe the polarized state. It also gives a reference to the predicted quanta conformon (the biological energy transfer quantized unit), finite vortex model of dual strings by Hu B (preprint Vol.254A, p. 0177 Jan 1977).
29(b).K. L. Narayana, “On the energy levels structure of the 10 B nucleus” Acta. Physica Polonica, Vol. B8, No.5, p.401-414, 1977. K.L.Narayana and B.P.Sabale, “On molecular Quadrupole moments of N2 and O2”, J. Shivaji university, Vol. 6, No.12, p.19-22, 1973. K.L.Narayana and M.K.Soudagar, “Impurity states and energy surfaces for n-germanium and n-silicon semiconductors”, Bulletin of Electrochemistry, Vol.6, Nov-Dec, p.589-590, 1985.
29(c). K.L.Narayana, “The Uranium Quadrupole moment based on a dual core fissionable model”, Curr.Sci, Vol.38, No.11, June 5th, p.261-262, 1969. K.L.Narayana,”Dual Core Model for He3“ Curr.Sci.,Vol.38, Oct.2oth, No.20, p.487-488, 1969, K.L.Narayana et al, “ A Physical model from the mass empirics of two-particle baryon resonance states and postulation of medium and low strong interactions”, Ind. J.Phys,Vol.50, p.993-1002, 1976. Its mentioned in this paper that J. D. French, W.H. Lamb, J. D. Mowat, Phys Rev.Vol.163, p.1754, 1967, have discussed classification of 12 sequences of resonance decay modes of Baryons with a rigid rotator model including both strange and non-strange particles and considered linear mass relation consistent with findings of B.C.Maglic, Nuovo Cimento Vol.45A, p.949, 1966.

ADDENDUM:

*thefts that have occurred in my residence(and as endorsed on 1st Dec 2009 by the concerned authority ) have greatly hampered my studies.

trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com Volume 2009-2010 Issue No.11, Dt. 30th Nov.2009 the 70th B’Day Volume of Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana

APPRECIATION OF PRESERVATION OF KNOWLEDGE OF ANCIENT TRADITIONAL SKILLS AND ARTS IN SILPA RAMAMA, HYDERABAD
Boddu Gopala Rao PADMASALEE

Boddu Gopala Rao by traditional ancestry is a padmasalee i.e. he belongs to a weaving community which was one of the most outstanding trades of India and achieved world trade excellence during the era 3000BC to 2000AD. He wants to appreciate the effort of preservation of knowledge of Ancient Traditional skills and arts, by the exhibition and excellent photographs, in SILPA RAMAMA in Rangareddy district near the Hi-Tech city of Hyderabad. He recommends that everyone in India must visit the SILPA RAMAM. He is thrilled how ancients have used rocks to produce fire and sustained it to burn by dry wood and leaves etc.
He is a resident of Nethaji Nagar, Kottur-Parlkamid of Srikakulum, Andhra Pradesh. Has three son-in-laws each respectively earning Rs 10,000, Rs.6000/- and Rs.6000/- He is very much contented with this income of his joint family. He struggled hard to keep up the ancient trade of selling cloth of his forefathers but in-vain. He lost one brother and other doesn’t go with him. So he is left with his family of three son-in-laws who are very fond of him. He tried the cloth sales but left the business and struggled hard with a variety of menial jobs to raise his family of three daughters. Presently works as a lifter of the loads of cement mixed small stones for laying the concrete roads at the age of 74years.
He is strong and has no complaints of cough, cold or any fever during the last 8 years. He attributes this outstanding health condition due to the TRADITIONAL AYURVEDIC medicine he had 8 years ago. The medicine is known as the VASANTKUSUMAKARAMLEHYAM. He got it from Parlakimidi Ayurvedic doctor R. Veer Bhadrayya. He took only a forefinger tip hold medicine daily for about 40days the stipulated dosage by the Ayurvedic doctor and it seems after a lapse of eight years he needs to repeat the dose of the medicine. He is very friendly with all the sellers of the medicinal root and plant material in the Parlakimidi market where people from Visakhapatnam and Srikakulum purchase them to prepare Ayurvedic medicines. His son-in-law told that there is a big sale centre at the Bus stand of Vijayawada towards the Railway station of these medicinal plants. Also the Forestry dept horticulture farm in Visakhapatnam sells these cultivated medicinal plants. It is not uncommon to see people picking up the leaves etc. even to-date some medicinal plant material for quick and immediate treatment. They don’t go to doctors either to stand in que or to pay the admission fees to meet the Doctors of Allopath.

SU(8) Unitary Symmetry

ARTICLE 13: trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com 70th B’Day Volume 2009-2010 of Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana ,(retd.Prof of Physics, SU), 17-11-10,Narasimha Ashram, Official Colony, Maharanipeta.P.O.,Visakhaptnam
Prof. Dr. K L Narayana M. Inst. P (Lond) & Miss S. P. Shahane
SU(8) Unitary Symmetry with Bosonic and Fermionic Quarks and Lie Algebra
Keywords: Unitary symmetry, Quarks, Lie Algebra, resonances
The results of investigations made on SU(8) Unitary symmetry involving both the fermions and the Bosons has been succinctly applied for enunciating a classification of certain elementary particles and is incorporated in the dissertation submitted by Miss S. P. Shahane for the degree of M.Sc. by Shivaji University, Kolhapur on the 12th May 1979. This work has offered the possible consideration of an elementary particle as a combination of a particle and a current. This has been termed as the second feature of the SU (8) unitary symmetry model. A third feature of the model is to formulate, instead of just the direct product of the quark SU(8) vector with its antisymmetric vector, the said direct incorporating in between them interaction terms. This has readily facilitated to account for the observed left and right helicity properties and the spin parity assignments of the classified elementary particles. A fourth feature of the SU (8) unitary symmetry model is that it demonstrates possible existence of a new universal weak interaction characterized by the two different angles respectively for the strangeness changing currents and the charm-changing currents. The fifth feature enunciated by the research is to classify the leptons as multiplets of a unitary symmetry. The SU (8) model ascribes lepton number as an internal space symmetry character obtainable from a suitable combination of diagonal generators of SU (8) symmetry. Thus, the theory precedes the experimental investigations in several ways.
First SU(8) basic vector has been constituted by four bosonic Spinor quarks and the remaining as fermionic Spinor quarks. The usual way of combining this vector by itsr respective antisymmetric vector elements in a direct product gave the traceless and trace-part of multiplets in the form of matrices. The diagonal elements of these matrices are numbering eight involving the SU(8) unitary symmetry matrices Viz. λ 3 , λ 8 , λ 15 , λ 24 , λ 35 , λ 48 , λ 63 , and describe the possible eight quantum numbers to classify the elementary particles.
The Table for the quantum numbers and the particle assignments etc. features of the model are explicitly presented in the scanned images of the page numbers 86-91.
REFERENCES:
M.Sc. Dissertation (submitted to Shivaji University, Kolhapur) of Miss S.P. Shahane: dated April 1979 examined on 12th May 1979.