Sunday, December 31, 2017

December 16-31, 2017: Philippines tropical storm, Kargil lowest Temperature, Choking levels of Air Pollution, Chile Mud Slides, supernovae ions reach Earth, Kothapalli water falls' frozen at 0 C, Niagara Falls frozen,16 Sounds Kaddi Tantri.

trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com   
Volume 2017, Issue No.12a,  Dated: 16 to 31 December 2017,  Time:07:50:57 AM

December 16-31, 2017:  Philippines tropical storm, Kargil lowest Temperature, Choking levels of Air Pollution, Chile Mud Slides, supernovae ions reach Earth,  Kothapalli water falls' frozen at 0 C, Niagara Falls frozen,16 Sounds Kaddi Tantri.

               Professor Dr. Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana,
M.Sc. (Math. Phys.), M.Sc. (Nucl. Phys.), Ph. D. (AU), Int. Edu & Res. (Sweden 1964-65) 
      While returning from Sweden, spent few days in England, Paris, Egypt and etc.
Visited USA about 12 Universities, several National Laboratories and Institutes 
during four months Sept.to December 1988.
In 1989 visited Japan, and South Korea.
 [Retd. Prof of Physics; Shivaji University, Kolhapur - 416004]
Residential Address: 17- 11-10, Narasimha Ashram, Official Colony,
      Maharanipeta. P. O., Visakhapatnam-530002, A.P. Mobile: 09491902867.
       kotcherlakota_l_n@hotmail.com; DOB:23-07-1940.
lakshminarayana.kotcherlakota@gmail.com

                                                               ABSTRACT
Dec 16, 2017 15:19 IST: Earthquake of 6.5 magnitude hits Indonesia’s Java, 3 dead. Floods in Philippines: 3 dead, 77,000 flee as storm triggers landslides Strong winds toppled trees, knocking out power while floods, small landslides blocked roads and buried some homes. Tropical storm Kai-Tak pounded the eastern Philippines today, cutting off power and triggering landslides. North India reels under bitter cold, Kargil records coldest at minus 11.2C. The severe cold conditions are likely to prevail in Northern India over the next few days. SANTIAGO. A mudslide on Saturday 16 Dec. 2017, tore through a small village in southern Chile near a popular national park, leaving five people dead and at least 15 missing after a night of torrential downpours. December 17, 2017: Tehran: Iran shut primary schools in the capital and other parts of the country on Sunday due to choking levels of air pollution. Cosmic rays flung out from exploding stars have an impact on our weather, a study has shown for the first time. New research from the Technical University of Denmark as found that supernovae release ions which rain down through Earth’s atmosphere seeding clouds. Fungi made life on Earth possible as they played an essential role in the creation of an oxygen rich phosphates atmosphere. 20/12/2017 12:39 PM IST: How Tribes In Odisha are using Forest Food to keep malnutrition at bay. We are never short of food because the forest has plenty to offer us. Dec 21, 2017: 8:30:Earthquake of magnitude 5.2 strikes near Tehran: An earthquake was felt in the Iranian capital Tehran, sending hundreds of people running out onto the streets. 19 DECEMBER 2017 • 1:08PM: Cosmic rays flung out from exploding stars have an impact on our weather, a study has shown for the first time. New research from the Technical University of Denmark as found that supernovae release ions which rain down through Earth’s atmosphere seeding clouds. As more clouds form, the climate cools, which can have a major impact on the long term weather.
G. Madugula mandalam 'Kothapalli water falls'  has frozen at 0 degree C on Tuesday  Dec.19 and Wednesday, Dec 20, in the early mornings from 4 to 6 AM. It may be that temperature fell below zero degrees C. As a  result small crystals have formed. Since it never happened earlier people have taken photographs and sent them to media persons. Satellite images show landslides triggered by earthquakes have led to three dams being formed upstream of the river, in Tibet.  Dec.21, 2017: The winter solstice, also known as Yule, Midwinter, the Shortest Day of the Year and the Longest Night, occurs at 11:28 a.m. ET Thursday. The sun will appear to pass in front of the constellation Capricorn hours after Saturn does likewise. This will cause both of these orbs to line up for the first time since 1664, according to London astrologer Neil Spencer, who writes for The (London) Observer but first wrote about the alignment on his blog. Foggy weather in Visakhapatnam and hence Sun could be photographed easily. Sunday 24, Dec. 2017: WEYL-KONDO SEMIMETAL: They are called quantum materials with an assorted collection of properties seen in disparate materials such as topological insulators, heavy fermion metals, and high temperature superconductors. All these fall under the heading Quantum materials and display electromagnetic behaviour that cannot be explained by classical physics. Dec 25, 2017:09:50 pm: Vietnam evacuates 74,000 people as it braces for Typhoon Tembin. Tembin hit the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea on Sunday. 26 Dec. 2017: Dense fog and mist engulfed most parts of the country on Tuesday, causing flight delays and cancellations. 16 Sounds Kaddi Tantri with two veduru  pullalto Dalithula ancient Music  instrument.  Seashachalayya recites the dharmapuri  Ramayana  episode in musical tone.  On this Kaddi we vibrate the Gazzlu, Thalalu, that makes us to listen Rudra Veena, Sitara, Saroj, Violin, tabala, murdangam, dappu, about 16 musical tones.  29 Dec. 2017: 6:54 AM IST: "In the East, it could be the COLDEST New Year`s Eve on record," Trump tweeted from his Mar a Lago resort in Florida, where he is on holiday vacation.  BJP MP Hema Malini on Friday 29 Dec 2017, said a limit should be set on how many people can live in a city. It is because of too much population to avoid tragedies of families. 30 Dec 2017: Toronto's extreme cold weather alert had been in effect since Christmas Day when Environment Canada -- Federal Government agency for protecting the environment and providing weather and meteorological information to keep Canadians informed and safe -- noted temperatures of -22 C on Thursday, breaking 57-year-old temperature record, Niagara Falls Frozen on 31 Dec 2017. 
DETAILS 
Dec 16, 2017 15:19 IST: Earthquake of 6.5 magnitude hits Indonesia’s Java, 3 dead. Three people had been killed, seven injured and more than 100 buildings damaged, including a hospital in Central Java. The quake swayed buildings for several seconds in the capital Jakarta. Some residents of high rise apartment buildings in central Jakarta quickly escaped their apartments.
December 16, 2017 18:32 IST: 
                                             
                Fig. 1  storm-generic 41486202433 Kai-Tak Phillipines
Tacloban (Philippines) Floods in Philippines: 3 dead, 77,000 flee as storm triggers landslides Strong winds toppled trees, knocking out power while floods, small landslides blocked roads and buried some homes.Tropical storm Kai-Tak pounded the eastern Philippines today, cutting off power and triggering landslides.
Dec 16, 2017, 19:06 PM IST: North India reels under bitter cold, Kargil records coldest at minus 11.2C. The severe cold conditions are likely to prevail in Northern India over the next few days. 

16 Dec. 2017: NEW DELHI: A vast swath of North India reeled under severe cold conditions on Saturday, with the Kargil town in Jammu and Kashmir recording the season's coldest night at minus 11.2 C. The town recorded a low of minus 11.2C, down by one degree from the previous night, and it was the lowest recorded night temperature of the season. While in Srinagar, the summer capital of the state, the mercury dropped to 1.1C, down by one degree from the previous night, Jammu recorded coldest night of the season at 5.1C. Other places in the state, such as Leh recorded a minimum temperature of minus 9.6 C, Qazigund in south Kashmir was 2.8 degrees Celsius, Kokernag town minus 3.2 degrees Celsius and Kupwara town in north Kashmir registered a low of minus 3.7C, the official added. The famous ski-resort of Gulmarg and Pahalgam in north Kashmir also experienced severe cold conditions, with minus 8.4 degrees Celsius and minus 3.5C respectively. In Himachal Pradesh, the minimum temperature at several places plunged below the freezing point, with state capital Shimla, experiencing an overnight temperature of 4.6C. Manali recorded a low of minus 0.6 degrees. Kalpa, some 250 km from Shimla in Kinnaur district, also saw a low of minus three degrees while it was minus 8.7C in Keylong in Lahaul-Spiti district, the coldest in the state. 
December 17, 2017: SANTIAGO. A mudslide on Saturday 16 Dec. 2017, tore through a small village in southern Chile near a popular national park, leaving five people dead and at least 15 missing after a night of torrential downpours. A video taken from a helicopter by Chilean police showed a vast swath of the remote town of Villa Santa Lucia, near Chaiten in coastal Patagonia, buried beneath the mud as the landslide plowed its way down a flooded river valley. Four Chileans and a male tourist whose name and nationality have not been disclosed were died in the mudslide. 
December 17, 2017: Tehran: Iran shut primary schools in the capital and other parts of the country on Sunday due to choking levels of air pollution. Local authorities late Saturday announced the closure of all primary schools in the province of Tehran, which is home to 14 million residents, except in two towns. A blanket of smog has covered neighborhoods in the capital in the past few days. Airborne concentration of fine particles (PM2.5) hit 185 micro-grammes per cubic meter in the south of Tehran and 174 in its center on Sunday morning. 
Dec 19, 2017, 2:18 am : On Sunday, after a long gap, Delhiites got to breathe easy as the air quality index was in the ‘moderate’ category, at 198. After a day of breathing easy, the air quality again turned ‘poor’ by Monday evening in the national capital. While the air quality index (AQI) on Monday was at 234, in the ‘poor’ category, the values for PM 10 and PM 2.5 were at 147 and 84 micro-gramme per cubic meter (ug/m^3) respectively, slightly higher than their prescribed standard of 100 and 60 ug/m^3 but in the ‘moderate’ category.
Dec 19, 2017, 16:20 PM IST:  Jammu and Kashmir's Kargil town experienced the coldest night of the winter so far as the mercury there settled at minus 15.4 degrees Celsius, even as most places in the valley witnessed sub-zero minimum temperature.
19 DECEMBER 2017 • 1:08PM: Cosmic rays flung out from exploding stars have an impact on our weather, a study has shown for the first time. New research from the Technical University of Denmark as found that supernovae release ions which rain down through Earth’s atmosphere seeding clouds. As more clouds form, the climate cools, which can have a major impact on the long term weather.
20 Dec 2017:                                                           
                     Fig.2  Fungi made life on Earth possible.                  
                   Fungi made life on Earth possible as they played an essential role in the creation of an oxygen rich phosphates atmosphere. They made a breathable atmosphere on earth, by mining the nutrient phosphorus from rocks and transferring it to plants to power photosynthesis. 
20/12/2017 12:39 PM IST: How Tribes In Odisha are using Forest Food to keep malnutrition at bay. We are never short of food because the forest has plenty to offer us. 
Dec 21, 2017 08:30: Earthquake of magnitude 5.2 strikes near Tehran: An earthquake was felt in the Iranian capital Tehran, sending hundreds of people running out onto the streets, which hit in the late evening at a depth of 7 km (4 miles). Residents were asked to remain calm but ,be prepared for possible aftershocks. The epicenter of the quake was 3 km from the city of Malard, and not far from Meshkin Dasht, which sits about 50 km west of Tehran.

Dec.21, 2017: The winter solstice, also known as Yule, Midwinter, the Shortest Day of the Year and the Longest Night, occurs at 11:28 a.m. ET Thursday. The sun will appear to pass in front of the constellation Capricorn hours after Saturn does likewise. This will cause both of these orbs to line up for the first time time since 1664, according to London astrologer Neil Spencer, who writes for The (London) Observer but first wrote about the alignment on his blog. Every year in December visitors from around the world flock to Stonehenge to mark the winter solstice. Early in the morning on December 21, astronomical phenomenon is celebrated by visitors who gather to see the sunrise above the stones. The sunrise on the day is at 8.04 am (in England).       
     
Fig.3 Frozen Water in G. Madugula on Tuesday and Wednesday
             G. Madugula mandalam 'Kothapalli water falls'  has frozen at 0 degree C on Tuesday  Dec.19 and Wednesday, Dec 20, in the early mornings from 4 to 6 AM. It may be that temperature fell below zero degrees C. As a  result small crystals have formed. Since it never happened earlier people have taken photographs and sent them to media persons.
SATELLITE IMAGES CONFIRM CHANGES IN SUMMIT OF GYALA PERI: Satellite images show landslides triggered by earthquakes have led to three dams being formed upstream of the river, in Tibet. On November 17, at 4 am Indian Standard Time, a 6.4 magnitude earthquake struck below the summit of Gyala Peri. For the next 32 hours, this region was swarmed by five earthquakes, all measuring more than 4 in magnitude. A final 4.7 magnitude quake struck the area on November 23. No aftershocks were recorded. The satellites have captured dust and debris in the air, indicating that landslides continued even 20 days after the earthquakes struck. This landslide area is 400 km upstream from Pasighat, the headquarters of East Siang district, and 200 km from Geling near the international border with China.                                                                       
Fig. 4 December 28, 2016 and Dec. 10, 2017 pics of 
three dams being formed upstream of the river, in Tibet.
The affected part of the river is 30 km in length. on April 9, 2000, on the Yigong-Tsangpo. That slide was caused by a similar series of events. Two earthquakes, measuring 3.5 magnitude and 4.6 magnitude, struck the Zhamu creek in Tibet that day. The landslide blocked the floodplain river, creating a dam with an area of 2.5 sq km, and 90 meters deep. The natural dam gave way on June 1 that year. Within 12 hours, areas all the way downstream till Assam were flooded. 
  Fig.5 A car made of Cane, Vijayawada on Friday 22 Dec. 2017.
Sunday 24, Dec. 2017: WEYL-KONDO SEMIMETAL: They are called quantum materials with an assorted collection of properties seen in disparate materials such as topological insulators, heavy fermion metals, and high temperature superconductors. All these fall under the heading Quantum materials and display electromagnetic behaviour that cannot be explained by classical physics. Their quirky behaviour arise from only at cold temperatures, where they cannot be masked by the overwhelming forces of thermal energy. The most celebrated quantum materials are the high temperature superconductors discovered in 1980s, with ability to conduct electricity without resistance at well above the traditional superconductors. Another is the heavy fermion materials discovered in 1970s. In these, electrons appear to be effective hundreds of time more massive than normal and, equally unusual, the electron mass seems to vary strongly as temperature changes.
TWO STATES OF WATER: Stockholm University scientists have said that at -44C water exits with different properties depending on the arrangements of its molecules. The team conducted the experiment by discharging X-rays at ‘amorphous-ice.’ The procedure followed the transition of ice took place from high density to low density. While the X-rays fell on the ice, it scattered the water. The observation was that the ice turned into a viscous liquid and then flipped into a less dense but far more viscous liquid. The research was done at a sub-zero temperature to retain the two liquids from mixing, else that would have troubled the detection of structures. Anders Nilsson said that the two liquid forms would behave like oil and water if we happen to pour the liquid into a cup. There would be an interface between them as the two liquids would separate. Also, the difference in the density of the two liquid is 25%, which is quite big. Besides, we know that water exists in three different phases- solid, liquid and gas. But the study proposed that there is one more state water can exist in- that is a plasma-like state. More to our surprise, scientists have noted around 70 properties of liquid water entirely distinct from any other liquid. In short, Water is a complex molecule. With age, our knowledge is getting deeper corresponding to the discoveries that have unlocked various aspects of our physical and living world. Maybe water is not what we are studying it now.
Christmas Day Wonder: A "surprise" asteroid which NASA only spotted on Christmas Day has skimmed past the Earth. The asteroid, named 2017 YZ4, came its nearest to Earth at 3:56pm GMT on Thursday, missing us by a mere 140,000 miles (224,000km).In comparison the moon is 238,000 miles (384,000km) away. It was travelling at approximately 21,000mph (34,000kph) - 16 times faster than a rifle bullet, covering the distance between London and New York in roughly 10 minutes.
Dec 25, 2017:09:50 pm: Vietnam evacuates 74,000 people as it braces for Typhoon Tembin. Tembin hit the Spratly Islands in the South China Sea on Sunday.
CHRISTMAS SUN IN VISAKHAPATNAM: 25 Dec.2017                                               

                                  
                                                   
                                              Fig.6 At 8:46AM in Visakhapatnam 
                                                     Christmas Day  2017.                            




                                     

                                               Fig.7. At 8:48 AM Christmas Day 
                                                            Visakhapatnam 2017
Foggy weather in Visakhapatnam and hence Sun could be photographed easily.
26 Dec. 2017: Dense fog and mist engulfed most parts of the country on Tuesday, causing flight delays and cancellations.
26 Dec 2017: Airport at Visakhapatnam reels at 17.2C, a minimum temperature on 26 Dec. 2017 on Tuesday, while the area registered 16C on  18, 20 and 21 December 2017. The lowest was recorded as 13.8C on December 20, 2014. Temperature change brought haze at isolated places due to temperature change. It would dip further in this month. 
28 Dec 2017: Large parts of Britain experienced at least some snowfall Wednesday, alongside near-freezing temperatures and gusty winds. Wales, western England and Scotland saw the worst of the weather. Sennybridge in Powys, Mid Wales, recorded the largest snow total with 6 centimetres (2.4 inches).
28 Dec. 2017: Unabated Cold Wave Sweeps Across North India. Jammu & Kashmir: The night temperature in Kargil in Ladakh region of Jammu and Kashmir, increased nearly 12 degrees last night as the mercury there settled at a low of minus 3.7C from minus 15.4 degrees the previous night.  Leh town recorded a low of minus 6.2C, up over six degrees from the previous night's minus 12.7C. He said the minimum temperature in Srinagar city, the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir, increased over three degrees from minus 2.6C the previous night to settle at 0.7C last night. The mercury in Qazigund in south Kashmir settled at a low of minus 0.4C, nearly three degrees up from minus 3C the previous night. Kokernag town recorded a low of 0.4C, from yesterday's minus 1.6C. Kupwara town in north Kashmir registered a low of 0.1C last night, up from the previous night's minus 3.4C, the official said. He said the mercury at the famous ski-resort of Gulmarg in north Kashmir settled at a low of minus 2.4C,  two degrees warmer than the previous night. The night temperature in Pahalgam recorded a low of minus 0.3C, up over four degrees from Tuesday’s minus 4.9C. Kashmir is currently under the grip of Chillai-Kalan, a 40-day harshest period of winter when the chances of snowfall are most frequent and maximum and the temperature drops considerably. It ends on January 31 next year, but the cold wave continues even after that in the valley.
CHRISTMAS FALL OF SNOW:



Fig.8 US city of Erie storm dumped 152 cm of snow in 48 hours 

around Christmas 2017 with 86 cm snow on Christmas day, 

eclipsing the previous 51 cm on Nov. 22, 1956.  
ANCIENT DALITHULA Musical  Instrument:
Fig 9 About 16 sounds Kaddi Tantri Dalith ancient
Music instrument, played for Ramayana Episode.
16 Sounds Kaddi Tantri with two veduru  pullalto Dalithula ancient Music  instrument.  Seashachalayya recites the dharmapuri  Ramayana  episode in musical tone.  On this Kaddi we vibrate the Gazzlu, Thalalu, that makes us to listen Rudra Veena, Sitara, Saroj, Violin, tabala, murdangam, dappu, about 16 musical tones. Art practiced by Grandfather Tatayya, Pappayya and  Father Venayya, the instrument with me belongs to my dad, I went round the states Telangana, Maharashtra, and Karnataka giving the music to people, and educated my two sons to PG nowthey are busy doing jobs in Hyderabad, alas they don’t know this art. This instrument has four strings, and we vibrate them with two Veduru pullalu. The instrument was played by my grandfather and later by my father for 50 years, and myself last 40 years.” Vaddolu” make it with Teak Wood now no one knows how to make it. 
Dec 29, 2017, 06:54 AM IST: The bitter December chill in the US and Canada has forced people indoors, stranded motorists with dead car batteries and complicated fire-fighting duties. The Washington Post's Capital Weather Gang had also tweeted: "US to be coldest region in world relative to normal over next week." This month`s cold wave caps a year that saw ferocious hurricanes, heat waves, floods and wildfires wreak global havoc.
29 Dec. 2017: US weather latest: Parts of country colder than Antarctica or Mars: Arctic blast sweeps from Midwest to Northeast, bringing heavy snow and freezing temperatures. US officials are urging residents to help the vulnerable as a deep freeze sets in across half the country, bringing colder temperatures than those  Antarctica or parts of Mars. Forecasters warned people to be wary of hypothermia and frostbite from the arctic blast sweeping across from the Midwest to the Northeast, where the temperature, without wind chill factored in, plummeted to -35C degrees in parts of New York state. In Antarctica, temperatures are currently around -16C.
29 Dec. 2017: 6:54 AM IST: "In the East, it could be the COLDEST New Year`s Eve on record," Trump tweeted from his Mar a Lago resort in Florida, where he is on holiday vacation. 
BJP MP Hema Malini on Friday 29 Dec 2017, said a limit should be set on how many people can live in a city. It is because of too much population to avoid tragedies of families.
30 Dec. 2017: Adi Sankaracharya has made the efforts to unify India culturally. The solution to all the issues prevailing around the world can be found in Sankaracharya's Advaita Vedanta. Kalady in Kerala is Sankaracharya's birth place but he had spent a part of his life in Omkareshwar on the banks of river Narmada in Madhya Pradesh. Chouhan flagged off a drive from Adi Sankara Nilayam in Veliyanad village to collect soil for a 108-foot statue of Adi Shankaracharya, which will come up at Omkareshwar on the banks of River Narmada. 

30 Dec 2017: Extreme cold weather in Toronto breaks 57-year-old temperature record.
Toronto's extreme cold weather alert had been in effect since Christmas Day when Environment Canada noted temperatures of -22C on Thursday, breaking 57-year-old temperature record. 

30 Dec. 2017: Even as the mercury continued its downward spiral in Kashmir valley and Ladakh region in Jammu and Kashmir, Leh experienced its coldest night this winter as the minimum temperature there settled nearly 14 degrees Celsius below the freezing point. Leh town, in the frontier Ladakh region, recorded a minimum night temperature of 13.8 degrees Celsius, against minus 11.4 degrees Celsius of the previous night.
Dec 31, 2017 05:38 IST: Port-of-Spain [Trinidad and Tobago], December 31 (ANI): An earthquake of magnitude 4.7 struck the Caribbean Islands on Saturday evening. According to local media reports, the quake occurred at 7:44 pm (local time) and was felt 39 km north-west of St John's city in Antiqua and Barbuda and about 68 km east of Basseterre, the capital of St. Kitts and Nevis. The depth of the quake was 81 km.
Since morning 9 AM the Visakhapatnam engulfed by clouds on 31 Dec. 2017.
Niagara Falls:
Fig. 10 Niagara Falls Frozen on 31 Dec 2017
 The coldest New Year’s Eve in Times Square came in 1917 when it was -17 C at midnight. This year, the forecast is for -11 C  degrees with a wind chill around -17 C, which would tie for second with 1962. The bitter temperatures this week have been blamed for several deaths and road crashes, along with reports of frozen sharks and cold-shocked turtles.

WRELESS NANOGENERATOR: Polylactic acid a plant derived polymer, is incorporated with graphene to improve its conductivity. The generator is made of grapheme-polylactic acid on the bottom and a Teflon layer on top, they produce large voltages, with one hand tap produces 2000 volts with instant peak power of 70 milli-Watts. And wirelessly transfer the energy produced to a nearby battery.  A tribo-electric nano-generator has been 3D printed from biodegradable materials. It harvests mechanical energy and converts into electrical energy that can be transmitted wirelessly, for three meters to a storage device like capacitor or battery. [Prof. Ramakishna Podilla, Clemson University, South Carolina, U.S.]
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
                 The author is indebted to Late Prof. Dr. K. R. Rao (Madras) D.Sc.(London) for his guidance and inspiration to present these articles on my website. He is grateful to his mother Late Mrs. Peramma Rangadhama Rao for her sustained interest.
                                                  **************************







Friday, December 15, 2017

December 1, 2017:

trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com   
Volume 2017, Issue No.12,  Dated: 1 to 15 December 2017,  Time:00:49:47 AM

December 1, 2017: Earthquake in Tibet, water shortage in Guwahati, A Christmas miracle, Dust grains from Geminid, Lightning New find, Battery car service at Mata Vaishno Devi, 

               Professor Dr. Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana,
M.Sc. (Math. Phys), M.Sc. (Nucl. Phys), Ph. D. (AU), Int. Edu & Res. (Sweden 1964-65) 
      While returning from Sweden, spent few days in England, Paris, Egypt and etc.
Visited USA about 12 Universities, several National Laboratories and Institutes 
during four months Sept.to December 1988.
In 1989 visited Japan, and South Korea.
 [Retd. Prof of Physics; Shivaji University, Kolhapur - 416004]
Residential Address: 17- 11-10, Narasimha Ashram, Official Colony,
      Maharanipeta. P. O., Visakhapatnam-530002, A.P. Mobile: 09491902867.
       kotcherlakota_l_n@hotmail.com; DOB:23-07-1940.
lakshminarayana.kotcherlakota@gmail.com

                                                               ABSTRACT

Saturday, Dec. 2, and Virga's vehicle dash cam recorded the dazzling sight. The fireball  was a bolide, a meteor that explodes in a brilliant flash as it plunges through Earth's atmosphere. Dec. 3, 2017: Researchers at IIT Hyderabad developed a cheaper, low-energy, and green way of recycling polystyrene and low-density Styrofoam using orange peel extract.  Dec. 5, 2017: Amateur explorers have discovered a network of 15,000-year-old caves underneath a Canadian city. The passageway, which is at least 200 metres long (660ft), was formed during the last ice age underneath what is now the city of Montreal. Thursday 6 and 7 Dec. 2017 several earth tremors Rudraprayaga and the epicentre of another earthquake was J-K-Xingjian border, at 4.59 am. 9 Dec 2017: The residents of  Guwahati are facing an acute shortage of drinking water, as the problem due to the contamination due to the recent earthquake in Tibet.  The locals say they never saw the river so dirty in winter. The Siang in Arunachala Pradesh, originates from Yarlung Tsangpo in China, and a major tributary of Brahmaputra, which also turned muddy.  'A Christmas miracle': heavy snow falls in southern Texas for first time in years: Lightning New find: 11 Dec. 2017: The first burst was from the lightning strike. The second afterglow, for example, was caused by lightning reacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere. The gamma rays emitted in lightning have enough energy to knock a neutron out of atmospheric nitrogen, and it was the reabsorption of this neutron by particles in the atmosphere that produced the gamma-ray afterglow. The final, prolonged emission was from the breakdown of now neutron-poor and unstable nitrogen atoms. These released positrons, which subsequently collided with electrons in annihilation events releasing gamma rays. Dust grains from Geminid meteor fell on earth during 13-14 Dec. 2017 can be seen till 17. The rain and snowfall disrupted normal life in Himachal and about 20 roads including link roads were closed in Rohroo and Rampur areas in Shimla district. London:  Geologists exploring volcanic rocks on Scotland's Isle of Skye have found ejecta from a previously unknown, 60 million-year-old meteorite impact.It contained rare minerals straight from outer space: vanadium-rich and niobium-rich osbornite. 


DETAILS   
       Nov 30, 2017: Major storm hits Sri Lanka, on Thursday, that killed seven people five others missing and 20,000 people displaced with the troops helping the stricken people.      
    Heavy flooding occurred in southern Thai, district Songkhia on Thursday, five persons died and forcing people to use boats for communication.
     Dec 01, 2017: Kanyakumari/Chennai:  Cyclone Ockhi intensified into a severe cyclonic storm and moved to the Arabian Sea today after causing heavy rain that has left at least nine people dead in Tamil Nadu and Kerala. The Navy rescued eight fishermen stranded off Kerala and looked for scores still missing. Cyclone Ockhi is heading towards Lakshadweep and is likely to intensify in the next 24 hours, triggering a "red warning" - the highest category alert. The worst seems to be over in the mainland and that the cyclone has moved away from Kanyakumari and Thiruvananthapuram. But forecasters have warned of heavy rain in south Kerala and south Tamil Nadu.
            Dec 01, 2017 10:09 IST: Quake of magnitude 6.0 hit Iran:  Tehran [Iran]: A strong earthquake of magnitude 6.0 struck jolted South-eastern Iran near the city of Kerman on Friday, As per report, the earthquake struck at a shallow depth of 10 km (6.2 miles), some 60 km (37 miles) from the city of  Kerman, which has a population of over 800,000, including suburbs.
Dec 01, 2017 10:05 AM IST : 6.0-magnitude quake hits off Papua New Guinea: The quake hit at a depth of 52 km about 59.1 km from the nearest town of Finschhafen in Morobe province. The quake struck within three kilometres of the shoreline, with the potential for damage up to 45 kilometres away. Magnitude 6.0 is reasonable in its shaking, so you do have high-energy shaking in the local areas that can cause some issues. 

Dec 2, 2017: 8 hrs ago: Sanremo tornado: Huge waterspout forms off Italian coast. It was spotted off the coast of Sanremo and moved inland as a tornado, causing damage in the city.

The fireball streaked across the early-morning sky at 3:09 a.m. EST (0809 GMT) on Saturday, Dec. 2, and Virga's vehicle dash cam recorded the dazzling sight. The fireball  was a bolide, a meteor that explodes in a brilliant flash as it plunges through Earth's atmosphere. 
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Colombo, Dec 2 2017, 13:59 IST: India, Sri Lanka cyclone death toll rises to 26. Thousands took to relief camps in Sri Lanka and southern India on Saturday to escape rising floodwaters after a cyclone killed at least 26 people. Cyclone Ockhi has left 13 people dead in Sri Lanka and killed an equal number in India's Kerala and Tamil Nadu states since Friday as it churns in the Arabian Sea. Eleven people, mostly fishermen, remained missing in the two countries as nearly 9,000 people sought shelter in relief camps. Scores of localities suffered flooding and cut power and telephone lines as winds of up to 130 kilometres (80 miles) per hour swept the region. Weather experts warned of more heavy rains to come, as the water level rose in several rivers in southern India. The tiny Indian island of Lakshadweep off the country's western coast braced for winds of 145 km (90 miles) per hour.
Dec. 3, 2017: Researchers at IIT Hyderabad developed a cheaper, low-energy, and green way of recycling polystyrene and low-density Styrofoam using orange peel extract. The fruit extract can be obtained by squeezing the orange peels. Presented at WHF 2017 and won a gold medal.
An earthquake with a preliminary magnitude of 6.0 has struck near the coast of Ecuador. The epicentre is about 20 km (12.5 miles) from Bahia de Caraquez. The quake, which had a depth of 24 km (about 15 miles), happened at around 1120 GMT (6:20 a.m. EST) Sunday. Bahia de Caraquez is about 360 km (220 miles) west of Ecuador's capital, Quito
Dec 03, 2017 20:36 IST: Last night, Srinagar - the summer capital of Jammu and Kashmir - recorded the minimum temperature of minus 2.0 down 0.5 degrees from the previous night. Gulmarg in north Kashmir recorded a low of minus 2.0C and the mercury in Qazigund in south Kashmir settled at a low of minus 2.2C same as the previous night. Kokernag town, also in south Kashmir, recorded a low of minus 1.3C  slightly down from minus 1.1C on Saturday. Kupwara town in north Kashmir registered a low of minus 2.4C down from the previous night’s minus 2.0C. The other famous health resort of Pahalgam, which serves as one of the base camps for the annual Amarnath Yatra, registered an increase of nearly a degree in the night temperature as the minimum there settled at minus 1.8C Leh continued to be the coldest recorded place in Jammu and Kashmir, with a low of minus 8.6C though a slight increase from the previous night’s minus 8.7C. The nearby Kargil town also witnessed a slight increase in the night temperature as the mercury there settled at minus 7.2 C compared to minus 7.6 C the previous night.
4 Dec. 2017:                                                                
                                  
Fig.1 The Visakhapatnam Sagar Nagar 
Bach receded.    

 Ocean Moved Backwards into the Sea: On Sunday 3 Dec 2017, the Sagaranagar sea has moved backwards sufficiently far from the shore. Also the  Rushikonda beach has moved backwards giving lot of open space for the people around the beach. Due to cyclone in Tamil Nadu covering the beaches extensively and moved forward. People are bewildered due to the peculiar beach shore phenomenon.
5 Dec. 2017: Air Pollution Globally: An European satellite tracking the levels of air pollution around the world has beamed back Earth's atmosphere, including images of pollution drifting away from power plants, in India. It runs from north of Patna in Bihar to south of Raipur in Chhattisgarh. The Sentinel-5P satellite makes daily global maps of the gases and particles that pollute the air.
5 Dec. 2017: Amateur explorers have discovered a network of 15,000-year-old caves underneath a Canadian city. The passageway, which is at least 200 metres long (660ft), was formed during the last ice age underneath what is now the city of Montreal.
Dec 05, 2017 13:27 IST: Cyclone Ockhi has travelled almost 4000 nautical miles after originating in the Gulf of Thailand and has had an unusually long life. After devastating parts of Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Lakshwadeep islands, cyclone Ockhi is barrelling towards Gujarat and Maharashtra and is set to make landfall north of Surat around midnight Tuesday, two weeks after it originated as a low pressure area in the Gulf of Thailand.
5 Dec. 2017: Maharashtra closed down schools and colleges, including those in Mumbai and adjoining areas, in the wake of forecast of rain triggered by Cyclone Ockhi on Tuesday. The storm that left behind a trail of destruction in Tamil Nadu, Kerala and Lakshadweep was expected to make landfall in Gujarat on Tuesday night, causing heavy rains in the state and adjoining Maharashtra. Home ministry said that Cyclone Ockhi was not expected to have high impact in Gujarat which is geared “for the worst situation” caused by the landfall of the disaster. The cyclone is expected to hit the state’s coastal areas in Surat city on Tuesday midnight.

6 Dec. 2017: 







Fig.2  AAdgPsHegypt hieroglyphics
Egyptian ancient writing possibly indicating the space travel!
December 06, 2017 13:10 IST: Being able to measure the mass and density of K2-18b was tremendous, but to discover a new exoplanet was lucky and equally exciting.  Toronto:  Researchers have found that a little known exoplanet orbiting a red dwarf star located about 111 light years away in the constellation Leo could have a rocky surface and a small gaseous atmosphere -- like Earth. The exoplanet, called K2-18b, which orbits the star K2-18, could well be a scaled-up version of Earth, according to the study to be published in the journal Astronomy and Astrophysics. While looking at the planet's data, the same researchers also discovered for the first time that the planet has a neighbor.
6 Dec. 2017: Rainbow Record breaking: A nine-hour rainbow appeared in the Taiwanese capital of Taipei, on Tuesday, 5 Dec. 2017. 
Fig.3 Rainbow Dec. 4/5 Taiwanese
Previous record for the longest lasting rainbow was on March 14, 1994 that lasted six hours. The rainbow clocked for eight hours and 58 minutes around Taiwanese capital of Taipei.
December 06, 2017 21:27 IST: 5.5-magnitude earthquake hits Rudraprayag, tremors in north India. With its epicentre in Rudraprayag, Uttarakhand, registered tremors as far away as Delhi, at around 8.49 p.m on Wednesday. People in Delhi saw wall hangings tremble but the shaking was also barely perceptible to several. The earthquake registered a depth of nearly 30 km.
Dec 07, 2017 08:30 IST: 5.4 magnitude earthquake jolts Jammu and Kashmir. The epicentre of the earthquake was J-K-Xingjian border, at 4.59 am today (Thursday) no reports of casualty or damage so far. and its coordinates are latitude 35.5 degrees north and longitude 77.6 degrees east.7 Dec 2017:   Astronomers have discovered the most distant "supermassive" black hole known to science. The matter-munching sinkhole is a whopping 13 billion light-years away, so far that we see it as it was a mere 690 million years after the Big Bang. But at about 800 million times the mass of our Sun, it managed to grow to a surprisingly large size such a short time after the origin of the Universe.
Thursday; 7 Dec 2017: The 434 km-long Srinagar-Leh highway has been closed due to continuous heavy snowfall in the region for the past 24 hours. According to the ground reports, the road link that connects Ladakh region with Kashmir Valley remains blocked due to heavy snowfall in nearby areas. Approximately 3-4 inch of snow has accumulated at Meenamarg, Zojila and Srinagar-Leh road. A number of vehicles were also stranded in Zojilla. Moreover, the snowfall has made the road extremely slippery. 
Dec 07, 2017, 17:19 PM IST: NASA balloons to study rare cosmic particles. The instrument, called the Super Trans-Iron Galactic Element Recorder (SuperTIGER), is designed to study rare heavy nuclei, which hold clues about where and how cosmic rays attain speeds up to nearly the speed of light.  
December 8, 2017 1:03 AM IST: IMD Predicts Heavy Rainfall in Odisha, West Bengal; Cyclone Ockhi Travelling Towards Andhra Pradesh.
The team studied non-doped crystals of the oft-analyzed transition metal dichalcogenide titanium diselenide (1T-TiSe2) and reproduced their surprising results five times on different cleaved crystals. Excitonium is a condensate - it exhibits macroscopic quantum phenomena, like a superconductor. It is made up of excitons, particles that are formed in a very strange quantum mechanical pairing, namely that of an escaped electron and the hole it left behind. It defies reason, but it turns out that when an electron, seated at the edge of a crowded-with-electrons valence band in a semiconductor, gets excited and jumps over the energy gap to the otherwise empty conduction band, it leaves behind a "hole" in the valence band. That hole behaves as though it was a particle with positive charge, and it attracts the escaped electron. When the escaped electron with its negative charge, pairs up with the hole, the two remarkably form a composite particle, a boson — an exciton. In point of fact, the holes particle-like attributes are due to the collective behaviour of the surrounding crowd of electrons. However, that understanding makes the pairing no less strange and wonderful, researchers said. Until now, scientists have not had the experimental tools to positively distinguish whether what looked like excitonium was not in fact a Peierls phase. Peierls phases and exciton condensation share the same symmetry and similar observables. Researchers invented an electron-scattering technique to detect the exciton particles’ final result, excitonium. They started with a clean surface of the material in a vacuum, no air or anything else, and then scattering the electrons from its surface to make waves, like hitting the middle of a trampoline. The particular way the waves spread allowed them to detect those escaped electrons in their final form, excitonium. They call the technique momentum-resolved electron energy-loss spectroscopy, or M-EELS. A paper explaining the discovery was published Journal of Science. In their experiments on non-doped  crystals of the transition metal dichalcogenide titanium diselenide (1T-TiSe2), the researchers were able to observe the material and its precursor soft plasmon phase, called “the smoking gun” that proves excitonium’s existence. The precursor phase emerges as the material approaches its critical temperature. The scientists reproduced their results 5 times on different cleaved crystals during the testing, adding more confidence to the study. “Signatures of exciton condensation in a transition metal dichalcogenide:” Anshul Kogar, et al.  Science  08 Dec 2017: Vol. 358, Issue 6368, pp.1314-1317.
Dec. 8, 2017: Modi pledged to bring power to 18,452 unelectrified villages within 1,000 days in his August 2015 Independence Day national address. As of Oct. 31, electricity had reached 15,218 or 82 percent of those villages. In Jammu and Kashmir, 100 out of 134 villages, encompassing 270,000 households, lacking electricity were still waiting to be connected.
TIBET EARTHQUAKE: 9 Dec. 2017: The residents of Guwahati are facing an acute shortage of drinking water, as the problem due to the contamination due to the recent earthquake in Tibet.  The locals say they never saw the river so dirty in winter. The Siang in Arunachal Pradesh, originates from Yarlung Tsangpo in China, and a major tributary of Brahmaputra,which also turned muddy. 
Saturday 9 December 2017 03.21 GMT: 'A Christmas miracle': heavy snow falls in southern Texas for first time in years: Frigid temperatures behind a cold front combined with moisture off the Gulf of Mexico brought snow and sleet to unusual places. Snowfall has blanketed parts of the Deep South, including southern Texas, delighting schoolchildren and knocking out power to thousands.
Dec. 10, 2017: MAGNETIC ENERGY AROUND BLACK HOLE: The long studied variable star system V404 Cygni is about 8,000 light years away, system has a large star and a black hole that secretes matter from it..But magnetic energy around the hole is lower than expected, resulting in a puzzle.
DARK MATTER: Primordial dark matter revealed, in one of the two galaxies, a halo with a mass of about hundred billion solar masses.  The star forming galaxies at a mere one billion years after the big bang, have revealed the existence of two extremely massive stars. Observations are both sensitive and and wide. 
10 Dec 2017: Heavy snow fell in many parts of the UK on Sunday as Storm Caroline, the biggest storm so far this year, caused widespread disruption with road and air travel severely affected. Central England and Wales were the worst hit regions witnessing up to 11 inches of snow in some places in just a few hours. Northern Ireland was also slammed.  Sleet and snow fell in central London as temperatures plummeted.
11 Dec 2017: TWO DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS: A slight mismatch between the hexagonal structures of molybdenum disulfide and tungsten diselenide creates a strain that can be released by the formation of a “5|7 dislocation,” in which two hexagons collapse to form a pentagon and a heptagon. Reactions with molybdenum disulfide in the environment cause the dislocation to move deeper into the tungsten diselenide, drawing a nanowire of molybdenum disulfide behind it. “Two-dimensional materials” — materials deposited in layers that are only a few atoms thick — are promising for both high-performance electronics and flexible, transparent electronics that could be layered onto physical surfaces to make computing ubiquitous.The best-known 2-D material is graphene, which is a form of carbon, but recently researchers have been investigating other 2-D materials, such as molybdenum disulfide, which have their own, distinct advantages.
Fig.4 Gamma Rays from lightning react with air
to produce radioisotopes and antimatter equivalent of electrons.

Researchers from Japan describe how gamma rays from lightning react with the air to produce radioisotopes and even positrons, the antimatter equivalent of electrons. We already knew that thunderclouds and lightning emit gamma rays, and hypothesized that they would react in some way with the nuclei of environmental elements in the atmosphere. February 2017, four detectors installed in Kashiwazaki city, Niigata recorded a large gamma-ray spike immediately after a lightning strike a few hundred meters away. The first burst was from the lightning strike. The second afterglow, for example, was caused by lightning reacting with nitrogen in the atmosphere. The gamma rays emitted in lightning have enough energy to knock a neutron out of atmospheric nitrogen, and it was the reabsorption of this neutron by particles in the atmosphere that produced the gamma-ray afterglow.The final, prolonged emission was from the breakdown of now neutron-poor and unstable nitrogen atoms. These released positrons, which subsequently collided with electrons in annihilation events releasing gamma rays.It was the moment the team realized they were seeing a new, hidden face of lightning.
Ramappa Temple:
                                                                                                                              Fig.5 Ramappa Temple.
                                                                                                                                                    Fig.6 The floating stone on water.
Recharla Rudrudu: Built in year 1179 to 1213 under Ganapathi Devudu Military commander Recharla Rudrudu. The uniqueness of the temple is that it was built on a 12-15 deep sand filled and on it they laid foundation. What one wonders is that this temple in 800 years time has not affected by earthquakes or other mishaps. Towards the east the temple on an elevated platform in the form of a star, and in the inside on all three sides entrance doors, and the Mahamandapam was built. Rangamandapam reflected sun light falls on in the Garbha Gudi. Floating bricks in water were used to build the temple. Elephant extract, Sawmill powder, mud, janapa'nara, Forest tree gums, were used.
Dec 11, 2017, 10:44 AM ET: TEHRAN, Iran Strong 6-magnitude quake rocks western Iran. Iranian state TV says a 6-magnitude earthquake has jolted a western region near the border with Iraq. There were no immediate reports of casualties or major damage from the temblor, which struck Monday near the site of a 7.2-magnitude quake. 
New Delhi, Dec 12: An American science channel on Tuesday claimed the ancient stories about the construction of a man-made bridge in Ramayana, also known as Ram Setu, between India and Sri Lanka could be true. In a promo, released on Tuesday, Discovery Communications-owned Science Channel said its explorers have found that bridge located in the international waters between India and Sri Lanka appears to be man-made. Ram Setu is a chain of limestone shoals between Pamban or Rameswaram Island off the south-eastern coast of Tamil Nadu, and Mannar Island on the north-western coast of Sri Lanka. The report also emphasised the stones used in bridge predates the sand beneath them. It added investigators have also found a line of rocks 30-miles-long. Are the ancient Hindu myths of a land bridge connecting India and Sri Lanka true? Scientific analysis suggests they are true.
Dec 11 to 15: 2017: Peer Ki Gali along the Mughal road, connecting Kashmir with the twin districts of Poonch and Rajouri, has been experiencing heavy snowfall since Monday. The road was closed on Sunday evening as a precautionary measure following a weather forecast that predicted moderate to heavy snowfall and rains in wide parts of Jammu and Kashmir from December 11 to 15. The inclement weather, which resulted in considerable drop in the day temperature, also led to the suspension of helicopter and battery car service at the famous Mata Vaishno Devi Shrine in Trikuta Mountains.
Dec 12, 2017. Manali gets season's first snow, more in HP till Wednesday.
Dec 13,  2017; 07:15 AM IST: Magnitude 6.2 quake hits south-eastern Iran: Eighteen people were wounded in the quake, which struck in the villages of Hejdak and Ravar in Kerman province.
Dec.13, 2017: 



13 Dec. 2017: Meteor and Dust Grains: If you're looking for a fantastic light show December 13-14, all you need to do is look up. The annual Geminid meteor shower is one of the most spectacular meteor showers of the year. This year is expected to be the best meteor shower ever. With August's Perseids obscured by bright moonlight, the Geminids will be the best shower of this year. The thin, waning crescent moon won't spoil the show. Most meteor showers are caused by comets. The Geminids are associated with an asteroid called the 3200 Phaethon. Having an asteroid as the foundation of a meteor shower provides an excellent source of dust grains that will burn up as they dive into the Earth's atmosphere. That's why some researchers call Phaethon a "rock comet.” The meteor shower was named after the constellation Gemini because many of the meteors appear to come from that constellation. 
13 Dec 207:  RAINFALL                                                    


Fig.7 Rohroo and Rampur areas in Shimla district.
The rain and snowfall disrupted normal life in Himachal and about 20 roads including link roads were closed in Rohroo and Rampur areas in Shimla district. 
4:20 AM, December 13, 2017: Updated: 8:44 AM, December 13, 2017: Winter Storm Warning today: 5-8 inches of snow expected in Metro Detroit Storm warning starts at 10 a.m. Wednesday.
Dec 13, 2017, 7:12 AM ET: Coldest air of season grips Northeast with bitter wind chills.

Manipur capital Imphal received the highest rainfall since 1956, recording 2,439.4mm in 2017 till December 13 or 68.71% above the state’s annual precipitation of 1446.3mm. Manipur has witnessed floods as many as five times within a period of five months since Cyclone Mora hit the state in May this year. So far, properties worth crores of rupees have been destroyed and at least 20 people have died.  The ski resort of Gulmarg recorded minus 9.8 C while Pahalgam, one of the base camps for the annual Amarnath Yatra, minus 6.5 degrees Celsius. The temperature at Leh was minus 8.5C and at Kargil minus 8C. Srinagar recorded a low of minus 1.5C s down from the previous night's minus 0.7C. In Himachal Pradesh, biting cold wave conditions swept the hills as minimum temperatures dropped in the state due to snowfall and rains. Keylong, Kalpa and Manali recorded minus 6.3C, minus 3C and 0C, respectively.
Snowfall occurred at Keylong and Bharmaur. The areas received 10 cm and 6 cm of snow, respectively. Naina Devi saw 16 mm of rains, followed by 10 mm in Sarkaghat and Baldwara; and 7 mm in Baijnath, Dharamsala and Jogindernagar.
14 Dec 2017: 

Fig.8  Glowing Plants:171214-glowing-plants-as-reading-lights-index
Imagine a plant that glows like a flashlight, letting you read in the dark without spending a penny on electricity. We could grow these plants everywhere, lighting up the night without burning fuel to do it. It’s a beautiful fantasy, and one group of MIT researchers wants to make it happen. The only problem: it’s probably not actually possible. A group of MIT researchers have managed to make some plant leaves glow by incorporating a firefly enzyme called luciferase. In fireflies, luciferase binds to another chemical called luciferin, which causes a reaction that emits light. The researchers figured out how to get the luciferase and luciferin into plant leaves, which then glow with a dim light. 
December 15, 2017 19:56 IST: LONDON:  Geologists exploring volcanic rocks on Scotland's Isle of Skye have found ejecta from a previously unknown, 60 million-year-old meteorite impact.60-Million-Year-Old Meteorite Strike Discovered In Scotland: Simon Drake, an associate lecturer in geology at Birkbeck University of London, zeroed in on a meter-thick layer at the base of a 60.0 million-year-old lava flow. However, when researchers analysed the rock using an electron microprobe, they discovered that it contained rare minerals straight from outer space: vanadium-rich and niobium-rich osbornite. These mineral forms have never been reported on Earth.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
     The author is deeply indebted to Late Prof. K. R. Rao D.Sc.(Madras) D.Sc. (London) and expresses his gratitude to him for the inspiration and constant guidance provided during his research investigations. Special respects to my mother Mrs. Peramma Kotcherlakota (from 1904 DOB to DEMISE 1971 December 31 at 10 AM) an enigmatic lady, who completed S.S.L.C from Queen Mary's High School, Visakhapatnam, in year 1919. 
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