Tuesday, June 29, 2010

Recognition of Far Infra Red Concrete Belt region of coast of Visakhapatnam Beach

trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com
Volume 2010, Issue No.6, Dated: 29th June 2010-06-30

Far Infra Red Concrete Belt of Visakhapatnam & failure of rain at the Coast

By Professor Dr Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana
(Retd.prof of Physics, SU) 17-11-10, Narasimha Ashram, Official Colony, Maharanipeta.P.O, Visakhapatnam-530002, Andhra Pradesh, India.


Mobile: 9491902867;
Email ID: kotcherlakota_l_n@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT:

The imposing images of the sudden over-layered cloud masses at the Beach Coast of Visakhapatnam showed, a breath taking view and people were afraid of promise of extraordinary heavy rain. The scenario has just fizzled out within a few hours time from 4:30PM to 8:30PM. The author has given the explanation of presence of “Far Infra Red emitting Concrete belt of the Coast” of Visakhapatnam as directly responsible for the fizzling out of the heavy rain. It obviously rained in the vegetative and low-lying areas of the Visakhapatnam district. What is not noted is that on warm and especially hot days of weather that concrete belt structure, acts as heat reservoir and converts this stored heat of Infra Red absorption into Far Infra Red rays. These rays do not pass through the cloud masses but only get reflected back on to the surface. So the emitted radiations confine between the cloud and the surface. People may term it as green-house effect but is distinct from it.

Keywords: Weather, Cloud mass, Far Infra Red, heavy rain, Concrete Belt of the Coast, A New Effect

Introduction:

Thanks to the fore thought of the learned Professor of Andhra University who has made it obligatory for every student of Physics at B.Sc. and M.Sc. to study the book on Theory of Heat by Meganath Saha of Kolkata. The book has given the first time the possible affect of the Concrete terraced buildings in emitting the far infra red radiation inside the houses with peak discomfiture to sleeping people at around 2:30AM on hot summer days. Virtually, the rays would cook the flesh of the people by warmth of the radiation. This simple finding by him has not been digested by many of our builders and urban authority development to realize the importance of manmade disasters.

Concrete Belt at the Coast of Visakhapatnam:

In about hardly twenty years time the development of the Visakhapatnam coastal region fell in the hands of builders who are unaware and uneducated of the manmade disasters. The late Dr Marthanda Shastri, a once upon a time Medical Doctor of Andhra University Campus has admired the coastal region of Visakhapatnam to surpass in its vegetative scenario and natural beauty to surpass even the most scenario spots of the western countries. In fact, during the war time, the Andhra University area was considered best for a healthy dominion hospital location, to cater the welfare of Scandinavian and other western countries people.

29th June 2010:

This day would be unforgettable for the over-layered heavy cloud masses that gathered within a span of an hour around 4:30PM and gave a breath taking view of the coastal scenario with the Bay of Bengal Sea completely reflecting the dark cloud colour of the overcast sky. The colour of the sea is totally different from what one normally finds at the coast. The colour promised as if the sea and the land were to unite to form a huge bowl of a cloud mass. Only the Hilly regions and the far away mountains looked bright without the cloud cover.
The images below give a vivid description of the weather event of 29th June 2010 at Visakhapatnam beach coast.





















Why the rain fizzled out?

The author has put forward the explanation that the concrete belt of buildings and complexes extending from the ship yard area to the foot hill of Kailsa Giri as directly responsible to create a manmade disaster. His contention is that the age old Visakhapatnam scenario of vegetative abundance has suddenly disappeared due to the over enthusiasm of the urban developers and the so-called development for the sake of people. The belt has a length-wise expanse of about 3miles and the width-wise is about one and half miles. It peaks to heights of about 50 to 300metres.

It covers the Chenglarao peta, The Mrs AVN College uphill, the KGH medical College mountain, Maharanipeta Collectorate region, the Krishna nagar, Dasapalla hills, the Governors Bungalow hill, the Siripurma hot spot hill, and the Waltair main road complexes area. The belt has some extensions into Dwarkanagar and the Seethamdara regions.

This belt is really a concrete jungle line of massive buildings with heavy concrete structures embedding the enormous amount of iron rods of considerable thickness. These are the best heat stores and as well, heat conductors to the surrounding atmosphere. . What is not noted is that on warm and especially hot days of weather that concrete belt structure, acts as heat reservoir and converts this stored heat of Infra Red absorption into Far Infra Red rays. These rays do not pass through the cloud masses but only get reflected back on to the surface. So the emitted radiations confine between the cloud and the surface. People may term it as green-house effect but is distinct from it. This is a manmade affair by careless urban planning of building and complex constructions.

Effect:

As a result of this phenomenon that existed hardly for a few hours the heavy clouds have not rained in the coastal region. The clouds are the spill over from both the heavy rains in China and the western Monsoon over Karnataka region. The local hot and warm condition during the three days of 26th June to 29th June 2010 in Andhra Pradesh has also contributed to the sudden formation of rain clouds.

ACKNOWELDGEMENT:

I am grateful to my next door complex building people (erstwhile kocherlakota house) for allowing me to use their terrace to capture the images made by my Canon IXUS 130 DIGITAL CAMERA OF 14.2Mega Pixels.



Sunday, June 27, 2010

26th June 2010 The Bluish & Gray Sky of Visakhapatnam and the Big Moon

trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com
Volume 2010, Issue N0.6, Dated 26th June 2010-06-27
26th June 2010 Visakhapatnam Weather Report

By
Professor Dr. Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana,
{Retd Prof of Physics, SU}, 17-11-10, Official Colony, Maharanipeta.P.O,
Visakhaptnam-530002, Andhra Pradesh.
Mobile: 9491902867. Kotcherlakota_l_n@hotmail.com

ABSTRACT:

The bluish gray sky of 26th June 2010 around 18:42PM imaged by the author is a direct indication of the shadowed Microwave & X-Ray irradiations on the atmosphere at even the lower levels at Visakhapatnam. Moon of eruvaka pournima or otherwise known as the Jeshta Pournima could be spotted at 18:55PM on the east above the sea. It is the authors’ contention that the Earthquake occurrence in the Indonesia on Saturday of magnitude 6.3R and the Coronal hole ejections that influenced the Earth’s atmosphere at the Equatorial Regions is responsible for the weird and wonderful feeling of the weather at Visakhapatnam. The significance of the weather pattern at Visakhapatnam has been found to be of certain confirmation of the impact of external injections of unknown origin and processes.

Keywords: bluish gray sky, Microwave & X-Ray irradiations, equatorial region, eruvaka pournima, Coronal hole, sun spot new

PREAMBLE:

The 26th June 2010 is celebrated by Hindu community as the ERUVAKA POURNIMA or otherwise known as the Jeshta Pournima. It means the Full Moon Day of the month Jeshta. It is noteworthy that Visakha Sahita in Visakhapatnam has remembered the festival and celebrated at a meeting held in Gayatri College, premises where at many writers and literary Telugu language aficionado have spoken about the culture of the traditional Indian Home festival. The fact that the extra size is just an illusion in no way detracts from the beauty. It’s really a day of mixed weather that gave the citizens of Visakhapatnam a romantic feeling especially for the affectionate couple of all the ages and the homes etc., places, have become the centres of expressing the unbound love and warmth of universal friendliness.

WEATHER FEATURES:

In Andhra Pradesh the Kothagudem 39.6, Ramgumdam 39.4, Palvancha 38.5, Rentachintala 38.5 Karimnagar 38.0, Guntur 37.0, Mahabubanagar 35.7, Hyderabad 35.2 and Visakhapatnam 35 deg Celsius temperatures have been recorded on the 26th June 2010. The Meteorological department has announced that a low depression formed at Jharkhand and as a result the upper atmosphere sky has been affected in the north-coastal region. The Jharkhand and Orissa received heavy rains. The prediction of heavy rains in coastal north AP and slight showers in southern AP have not that much materialized on the 27th June 2010.

The SpaceWeather.com has given the details of observable lunar eclipse as follows:













{A new sunspot might be emerging in the circled region. Credit: SOHO/MDI Solar wind at speed 463.7km/sec with density of 6.6protons/cm^3 and with X-ray Solar Flares of A7 0850UT June26 and A8 0245UT June 26.
BIG LUNAR ECLIPSE in USA: The eclipse began at 3:17 am PDT (10:17 UT) when the Moon entered the sunset-coloured shadow of Earth. By 4:38 am PDT (11:38 UT), the moment of greatest eclipse, 54% of the Moon's diameter has been covered. From beginning to end, the event lasted almost about three hours. }’

Saturday, June 26th, 2010:

This Saturday morning, June 26th, there was a lunar eclipse—and for many residents of the USA, it's a big one. The eclipse occurred as the Moon was setting, causing the "Moon Illusion" to magnify the event to truly beautiful proportions. Halfway around the world, observers in India, Japan, and parts of East Asia experienced the same phenomenon. They saw the eclipse on Saturday evening as the Moon is rising. The Moon Illusion was fully active as Earth's shadow swept across low-hanging lunar terrain.

Of significance to the weather at Visakhapatnam is the existence of the Coronal hole on the Sun since a few days ago.













It is the authors’ contention that the Earthquake occurrence in the Indonesia on Saturday of magnitude 6.3R{Indian News channel: USA report:Magnitude 4.9 - NIAS REGION, INDONESIA Saturday, June 26, 2010 at 01:18:07 UTC Saturday, June 26, 2010 at 08:18:07 AM 2010 June 26 01:18:07 Location 0.512°N, 98.585°E Depth 57.5 km (35.7 miles) NST= 38, Nph= 38, Dmin=142.4 km, Rmss=1.02 sec, Gp=158°, M-type=body wave magnitude (Mb), Version=7 } and the Coronal hole ejections that influenced the Earth’s atmosphere at the Equatorial Regions is responsible for the weird and wonderful feeling of the weather at Visakhapatnam. The heavy rain of Saturday has filled the Karnataka lakes and the Thungabadra River would receive the waters in case the rains completely fill up the lakes in Karnataka, as per the local newspaper reports. The west water laden heavy monsoon clouds have reached the Visakhapatnam at 6:55PM soon after the Moon Rise.


SUN SPECTRUM:





The
Saturday, 26th June 2010, has been found to be very astonishingly weird and wonderful. From morning 9:00Am to late 4:30PM afternoon, it was very hot, with the sun brilliantly shining in between the passing clouds and gave rich warm radiance. In the evening by 6:30PM the sky was suddenly overcast with clouds from the west with lightning and resulted in heavy an hour rain at 9:00PM. On that day the lunar eclipse was only faintly felt since the moon rise at 6:55PM was obscured by hazy clouds but the author could observe it till the 19:30PM. The clouds obscured it totally by 20:00PM.













Images of the Sun as seen and imaged with a filter of car decorating black plastic paper, with two folds, four folds, eight folds and then finally with sixteen folds that reduced the SUN’s intensity considerably are presented in the Fig 4.

The bluish gray sky of 26th June 2010 around 18:42PM imaged by the author is a direct indication of the shadowed Microwave & X-Ray irradiations on the atmosphere at even the lower levels at Visakhapatnam.























In the Fig.5, I have given the images of the Moon shadowed under the eclipse and the visible spectrum obtained in the very first moment of its capture by my web camera Nokia 2700 classic of 2 MP. Moon could be spotted at 18:55PM on the east above the sea.

























RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS:

The significance of the weather pattern at Visakhapatnam has been found to be of certain confirmation of the impact of external injections of unknown origin and processes. The weather pattern is very rich in the physical content of its manifestation and simple one or two parameters may not be enough to gauze it. More effort in the style of data collection by dedicated scholars is of great necessity.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT:

I am thankful to the several scholars with whom I have come in contact during my life time to date, since I began my research career in the year 1957 at Prof K Rangadhama Rao D.Sc. (Madras). D.Sc. (London) laboratories of Andhra University, Waltair.





Saturday, June 19, 2010

Youthful Prof Dr. K. Rangadhama Rao since 1917

Prof.Dr.K.Rangadhama Rao
D.Sc.(Madras). D.Sc.(London)
K Rangadhama Rao was a very generous and amicable student as his biography details reveal. It’s surprising that at the young age of 15 to 20 years he has sought not only his higher education but as well to create a centre of excellence in research. Obviously Prof KRRao worked as a demonstrator and set up many apparatus and equired imported precission instruments with the object of first class level of research at Vizianagaram. After obtaining his MA from Tirichinopoly in 1922, his first attempt for full fledged effort was at Maharaja College, Vizianagaram which, since it was the only external institution recognized for Madras University, research degree courses.
He joined with The Head of the Physics Department which, perhaps was only a great luck for A.L.Narayana, whose D.Sc.(Madras) was completed within a record time of just few years, with publications made in colloboration with Prof KRRao and his group of friends. The HOD, ALNarayana is well known for his methods of handling people and luckily Prof KRRao could complete his ambition of research programma at this recgnosized centre and to secure his D.Sc.(Madras). In his acknowledgments he always expressed deep indebtedness to the HOD for his continued interest and help. The others like G Subrahmanian, D Gunnaiya etc for example Vasanta Rao Venkata Rao, were unable to get their research degrees and worst case was that of D. Gunnaiya, who has also lost his job at Maharaja College, Vizianagaram by the grace of the HOD.
But Prof KRRao continued his indebtedness to Prof ALNarayana, also helped to guide ALNarayana's eldest son A. Sundar Rao, who became later a Director of Leather Institute in Madras, and as well the others associated with him.




















Dr A. L. Narayana's thesis was submitted at first before
Prof KRRao submitted his D.Sc.Thesis for the Madras University since then he Prof KRRa0 continued his untiring effort of Research in the Modern Physics and created a knowledge force of ardent students under his patronage, magnanimous and generous guidance, help and support for the academic excellence in the diverse fields of Science & Technology.
172 1925 Natur.115..534N 1.000 4/1925 A E
Narayan, A. L.; Rao, K. Rangadhama
On the Resonance Radiation from Thallium Vapour
174 1924 Natur.114..645N 1.000 11/1924 A E
Narayan, A. L.; Row, K. Rangadhama
The Fluorescence and Channelled Absorption Spectra of Bismuth Vapour at High Temperatures
175 1924 Natur.114..194N 1.000 08/1924 A E
Narayan, A. L.; Subrahmaniam, G.; Gunnaiya, D.; Rangadhamarao, K.
Absorption Spectra of Some Metallic Vapours
Prof Dr K. Rangadhama Rao D.Sc.(Madras). D.Sc.(London).
1924 Natur.114..194N 0.776 08/1924 A E
Narayan, A. L.; Subrahmaniam, G.; Gunnaiya, D.; Rangadhamarao, K.
Absorption Spectra of Some Metallic Vapours
Title: Absorption Spectra of Some Metallic Vapours
Authors: Narayan, A. L.; Subrahmaniam, G.; Gunnaiya, D.; Rangadhamarao, K.
Affiliation: Research Laboratories, H.H. The Maharajah's College, Vizianagaram.
Publication: Nature, Volume 114, Issue 2858, pp. 194 (1924). (Nature Homepage)
Publication Date: 08/1924 Origin: NATURE Abstract Copyright: (c) 1924: Nature DOI:
10.1038/114194a0 Bibliographic Code: 1924Natur.114..194N
RE: Is this the first publication of nannagaru in 1924‏
From: Lakshminarayana kotcherlakota (kotcherlakota_l_n@hotmail.com)
Sent: 10 January 2009 19:56PM
To:
Kotcherlakota Rao (kvnrao1@verizon.net)
Dear Simham,
You are marvellous. Splendid to get the first publication of Nanagaru. Presume I shall locate the full paper in due course of time.Happy Pongal.Convey my wishes to one and all to whom we are mutually known and gracious.
kln.
Date: Tue, 6 Jan 2009 15:35:06 -0500From: kvnrao1@verizon.netSubject:
Is this the first publication of nannagaru in 1924To: kotcherlakota_l_n@hotmail.comSign onSAO/NASA ADS General Science Abstract Service
· Title:Absorption Spectra of Some Metallic Vapours
Authors: Narayan, A. L.; Subrahmaniam, G.; Gunnaiya, D.; Rangadhamarao, K.
Affiliation: Research Laboratories, H.H. The Maharajah's College, Vizianagaram.
Publication: Nature, Volume 114, Issue 2858, pp. 194 (1924). (Nature Homepage)
Publication Date: 08/1924
Origin: NATURE Abstract Copyright: (c) 1924: Nature DOI: 10.1038/114194a0
Bibliographic Code: 1924Natur.114..194N
Abstract
IN the course of our experiments on the absorption of light by vapours of different metals, we have recently photographed the absorption spectra of lead, bismuth, antimony, thallium, and magnesium with the following results:






















































































































It is surprising to note that on the 2nd January 1925 he enunciated a quantum theory explanation of his spectral observations made on the Molecular(diatomic), Polyatomic and the Atomic lines that the Rotational structure features etc depend on the physical entities like the Moment of Inertia changes, changes of the molecular configurations, radiated energy due to oscillations associated with electrons, rotations of the molecule about the centre of gravity, banded spectra a criterion for the presence of molecular processes and radiating systems are the molecules and on types of energies radiated due to the oscillations of nuclei. Especially, he specifically stated that the internal energy decreases associated with bands.











































































The hand written notes of Prof KRRao dated the year 1921 and the year 1922 are available and gives fine details of Modern Physics, Optics, Electromagnetic Theories, Spectra observations, experimental techniques details, procedures and many other features fundamental to carry out a research endeavour. Attempts are being made to digitize his other noted at the collegiate level.

Friday, June 18, 2010

The Independent and Confident India could meet the Impact affects of the Earth Climate Challenges as the Ancient Intellectuals Did

trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com
Volume 2010, Issue No.6, Dt 18th June 2010
by

Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana,

{retd.,Prof of Phys, SU}
17-11-10, NarasimhaAshram,Oddicial Colony, Maharanipeta.P.O.
Visakhaptnam-530002
Mobile: 9491902867
kotcherlakota_l_n@hotmail.com

PREAMBLE:

The panic reports about the impact of climate changes on India would not deter its development and GDP growth. The reason being that academicians in India are aware of the measures needed to suit the impact.
Novel ideas are being floated and the educated masses of India would understand the impact.























The discovery by Indian and British scientists that the Earth's strong outer shell -- the 'lithosphere' -- within the central Indian Ocean began to deform and fracture 15.4--13.9 million years ago, much earlier than previously thought, impacts our understanding of the birth of the Himalayas and the strengthening of the Indian-Asian monsoon. (Credit: Image courtesy of National Oceanography Centre, Southampton)
Tamil Nadu
Statutory clearances from Tamilnadu Pollution Control Board (TNPCB), Tamilnadu State Environment & Forest Department have been obtained by CWDL. The application for clearance from Ministry of Environment and Forest (MoE&F), Government of India (GOI), alongwith the recommendation of TNPCB, is under consideration of MoE&F since November 2005.

On 29th November 2005, detailed presentation was made by CWDL to the Re-Constituted Expert Committee of the MoE&F. The Chairman of the Committee, welcomed the proposal and expressed satisfaction of the efforts taken by CWDL in assessing the various possible Environmental Impact that might occur during Construction of the Proposed Plant and whilst Operating the plant. The Committee further observed that there was no anticipated adverse impact on Marine or Terrestrial
MUMBAI:

MUMBAI: Abengoa SA, a Spanish engineering company, expects to start up India’s largest desalination plant in the quarter starting April as nations from Saudi Arabia to Australia invest in water treatment to ease growing shortages. The 91 million euro ($124 million) Minjur plant in Chennai will have the capacity to remove salt from 100,000 cubic meters of water per day, Carlos Bousono Crespo, Abengoa’s director of corporate social responsibility, said in an interview in Mumbai. “This will be enough to supply the needs of half a million people,” Crespo said.
Befesa Infrastructure India Pvt. Ltd., a unit of the Seville-based company, and IVRCL Infrastructures and Projects Ltd., a Hyderabad-based construction company, won the contract from Chennai’s municipal water board in 2005. The completed plant will be India’s biggest, surpassing a 96,000 cubic meter operation in Jamnagar, according to the International Desalination Association. Global spending on water treatment is set to surge as the world’s supply of fresh water shrinks, drawn down by farmers, cities and water-intensive industries such as mining. By 2050, four in every 10 people will lack adequate water as entire regions dry up, the United Nations predicts.

‘Alarming depletion’

“India is the largest user of groundwater in the world,” and its underground aquifers “are being depleted at an alarming rate,” a World Bank report released March 5 said. By 2025, demand for water in the world’s most populous nation after China is expected to equal the amount of available supply, the government said in its 2009 state of the environment report. Seawater desalination is expected to grow from a $10 billion industry to a $16 billion industry by 2020, according to Christopher Gasson, publisher of Global Water Intelligence. Australia and Mexico alone have announced plans to spend a combined $1.4 billion on water purification and infrastructure. Saudi Arabia aims to set up its first solar-powered desalination plant by 2013. Companies making money from new demand for purification services include Suez Environnement Co., Thiess Pty. and Macquarie Group Ltd., which won a A$3.5 billion ($3.2 billion) contract in July to build Australia’s largest desalination plant. Saudi Arabia’s state-owned National Water Co. in January pre- qualified bidders, including France’s Veolia Environnement SA, Acciona SA of Spain and UK companies United Utilities Group Plc and Severn Trent Plc, for a water-treatment project.
Please note the following news items of Sceince & Technological interest.

Climate Change Threatens Food Supply of 60 Million People in Asia
ScienceDaily (June 16, 2010) — According to an article by three Utrecht University researchers published in the journal Science on 11 June, climate change will drastically reduce the discharge of snow and ice meltwater in a region of the Himalayas, threatening the food security of more than 60 million people in Asia in the coming decades. The Indus and Brahmaputra basins are expected to be the most adversely affected, while in the Yellow River basin the availability of irrigation water will actually increase More than one billion people depend on the meltwater supplied by the Indus, Ganges, Brahmaputra, Yangtze and Yellow River. The snow and ice reserves situated upstream are important in sustaining the availability of water downstream. Researchers from Utrecht University and FutureWater have calculated the reduction in glacier and snow coverage and forecasted the future river discharge and made predictions about food security in the basins of these five major rivers.
How important is meltwater?
"The role of meltwater in the Indus basin is much more significant than that in other river basins in Asia," according to Walter Immerzeel, hydrologist at Utrecht University and FutureWater. "The downstream sections of the Indus are dry, are home to one of the largest irrigation networks in the world and are completely dependent on meltwater."
Food production
Climate change will ultimately result in declining discharge levels of the major Asian rivers, impacting the volume of irrigation water available. "Our model calculations show that the Brahmaputra and Indus are the most vulnerable. According to our estimates, this will threaten the food security of the approximately 60 million inhabitants of these areas by the year 2050," explains Immerzeel. "However, the opposite is also possible. In the Yellow River basin, an increase in wintertime rainfall is expected, resulting in increased availability of water early in the growing season."
Uncertainty about glaciers
The size and discharge of Himalayan glaciers are experiencing significant decline due to climate change. "However, observed glacial decline varies greatly from region to region, and there is a high degree of uncertainty regarding the speed of decline," says Marc Bierkens, hydrology professor at Utrecht University. "However, the trends identified in the river discharge forecast do not take this uncertainty into account." The researchers based their results on a combination of hydrologic models, climate forecasts from five different climate scenarios, and satellite images depicting snow and ice, rainfall, and changes in the Earth's gravitational field.
How Does Climate Change Affect The Water Cycle?
ScienceDaily (Oct. 27, 2008) — Climate change is having an impact on the water cycle, raising the issue of whether we should be investing in adapting to these impacts or focusing on more pressing water resource issues, such as providing water and sanitation for increasing populations? If investment in adapting to climate change is a priority, then is it best to invest in protecting natural ecosystems or developing engineered infrastructure?
The traditional way of handling extreme events such as floods and droughts, with engineering works should be complemented with the ecosystems approach which integrates the management of land and water that promotes conservation and sustainable use in an equitable way”, says Dr. Max Campos, Review Editor for the Latin American Chapter for IPCC Impacts and Adaptation Report . “Climate change is indeed an important issue, but it needs to be seen in context of the many other global challenges affecting water resources such as population growth, urbanization and land use change. Adaptation is vital – but we need to adapt to the full range of factors that are stressing water resources, and not focus on human-forced climate change to the exclusion of everything else”, says Oliver Brown from the International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD). “It should be a must for vulnerable communities whether in the developed or developing world to ensure that their development ambitions are prepared for climate change. Adaptation should not be limited to the rich”, said Dr. Henk Van Schaik, Deputy Programme Coordinator UNESCO-IHE. He argued that vulnerable communities in the developed world are preparing and investing to protect their societies, economies and environments to the impacts of climate change. This is not so in transition economies nor in developing countries. Going beyond the issue of investment in pressing development issues or adaptation measures, is the question of looking at natural versus engineered solutions. “Conventional approaches to climate change adaptation range from water conservation and efficient use to new operational techonologies”, says Dr Mark Smith, Head of the IUCN Water Programme. “Dams and reservoirs are still considered as the most effective structural means of risk management. But we need to start thinking of the environment as infrastructure for adaptation as well. Health and intact river basins, wetlands and floodplains make us less vulnerable to climate change. Lowering risk is a good reason for investing in watersheds and the environment.”
How Will Climate Change Affect India's Monsoon Season?
ScienceDaily (Mar. 12, 2007) — Scientists at the University of Liverpool are investigating the anticipated effects of climate change on India's monsoon season and the impact that alterations in India's water cycle will have on the country's people, agriculture and wildlife. Changes to India's annual monsoon are expected to result in severe droughts and intense flooding in parts of India. Scientists predict that by the end of the century the country will experience a 3 to 5ÚC temperature increase and a 20% rise in all summer monsoon rainfall.
As part of the UK-India Education and Research Initiative (UKIERI), Liverpool and Indian scientists have been awarded £150,000 to develop key research methodologies and scientific monitoring procedures in collaboration to investigate how alterations in water resources may affect human health, agriculture, forests and wildlife. Climate change studies undertaken so far reveal that action is essential in order to prevent long term damage to India's water cycle. The livelihood of a vast population in India depends on agriculture, forestry, wetlands and fisheries and land use in these areas is strongly influenced by water-based ecosystems that depend on monsoon rains. Changes to the water cycle may also cause an increase in water borne diseases such as cholera and hepatitis, as well as diseases carried by insects such as malaria. Scientists, based at the University of Liverpool's Institute for Sustainable Water Integrated Management and Ecosystem Research (SWIMMER) and the School of Biological Sciences, are working in one of the largest river basins in India, the Godavari Basin in Andhra Pradesh, which displays a diversity of ecosystems and provides a good water model for other regions of India. The scientific approaches developed will be used to support local agencies in managing water resources more effectively. Professor Ed Malby, Director of SWIMMER, said: "To maximise expertise and knowledge in this area it is important that UK and Indian scientists meet and exchange ideas and research. Throughout this year we are holding workshops in India with the five project partners to showcase work conducted so far and to develop detailed activities to achieve the project's aims. We are also developing Decision Support Frameworks (DSF) -- computer based models by which scientists and policy makers can compare different climate change scenarios with alternative water and land management strategies. These frameworks will help Indian authorities with strategic decisions related to water management."
Heavy Snowfall Over Himalayas Makes Drought Over India More Likely
ScienceDaily (Apr. 23, 2010) — Scientists from the Walker Institute at the University of Reading have helped to explain why heavy snowfall over the Himalayas in winter and spring can lead to drought over India, especially in the early part of the summer monsoon. This work forms part of the Climate Programme of the National Centre for Atmospheric Science (NCAS).
As far back as the 1880s scientists have known that increased snow over the Himalayas can be linked with weaker summer monsoon rains over India. However, the mechanisms explaining this link have never been properly understood. The new research, published this week in Climate Dynamics, studies the mechanisms using the Met Office/Hadley Centre climate model. It shows that greater snowfall reflects more sunlight and produces a cooling over the Himalayas. This in turn means a weakening of the monsoon winds that bring rain to India. The relationship is strongest in the absence of warm (El Nino) or cold (La Nina) conditions in the tropical Pacific, because these are normally the dominant control over Indian rains. Dr Andy Turner, lead author of the research, says "Our work shows how, in the absence of a strong influence from the tropical Pacific, snow conditions over the Himalayas and Tibetan Plateau could be used to help forecast seasonal monsoon rainfall for India, particularly over northern India during the onset month of June. The onset timing of the monsoon is very important for agriculture; a lack of rainfall early in the growing season can have a devastating impact on crops." Previous studies have also found links between snowfall over a much larger area of northern Eurasia, but this study suggests that the Himalayan region has a stronger influence on Indian rainfall. The monsoon rains over India and the rest of South and East Asia are relied on by more than a third of the world's population. This research is based on a large number of experiments with the Met Office/Hadley Centre climate model which have been used to show robust relationships between the monsoon and winter/spring snow. This study shows in detail the mechanisms linking heavy snowfall over the Himalayas and Tibet in winter and spring with summer monsoon drought, particularly in the early part of the season (June).
ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
I am very thankful to all the sources quoted in the above text. The items of today's interest are from Google.com search Engine.






Wednesday, June 16, 2010

On the Infra Red Spectra of Semiconducting Ferrites

ARTICLE 32: trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com
Volume 2009-2010 Issue No.6, Dt. 15th June.2010 the 70th B’Day Volume of Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana

On the Infra Red Spectra characterization of Semiconducting Ferrites NixZn1-xFe2O4 and their hysteresis.
By

Prof.Dr. Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana
&
Miss. Mali Hemlata Raghunath,
General Physics Laboratory,
Dept. of Phys., Shivaji University, Kolhapur (during 1997-1998)


The Infra Red Spectra were recorded on IR-spectrometer. The pellets used for recording spectra were prepared with mixing KBr in a small amount of ferrite powder. The range of frequencies selected is 200 to 800 cm -1. This facility is made available by USIC originally conceived and promoted extensively by Prof. Dr. K. L. Narayana who insisted on creation of USIC facilities at Shiva University, Kolhapur since his first four PhD research guidance to Dr B. P. Sabale, Dr. M.K.Soudagar, Dr.C.I.Patil and Dr. N.S. Dhaygude. He also helped P. Parmeswaran Pillai under (Krishna Pillai, HOD, at SU Kolhapur who is a student from Anna University, under K.Venketeswarulu and IVVRaghavacharyulu, later a friend of KLN also who was at Uppsala University, Sweden), to complete his PhD research work on Force Constants.

The IR spectra images are given. There are four active modes which triply degenerate for normal spinel. For inverse and partly inverse spinels triply degenerate vibrations may split into four vibrations. If the splitting is not too large and there is certain statistical distribution of various cations over tetrahedron and octahedron, one cannot observe the splitting but only the broadening of the absorption band. In the present series Ni ferrite is inverse ferrite. The intensity of octahedral decreases and broadens around 410cm -1 for the second series. For the third series the intensity of octahedral no much decrease but found broadened.

ν 1 corresponds to stretching of tetrahedral metal ν 2 corresponds to the vibration of metal ions in the isotropic force fields of their octahedral environment. The ordering of cations, result in lowering of the overall symmetry which, in turn leads to an increase in number of IR active vibrations. So IR spectrum of the ordered spinel will show a fine structure. Ionic ordering in some cases may not be detectable with x-ray diffraction. But this can be detected by IR spectroscopy. This ionic ordering may cause the distortion of the electronic nature.
RESULTS:

IR absorption data for samples sintered at 1100 deg C for 30 hours.







 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Below listed are the observation number with the chemical formula
of the sample followed by listings for each case of tetrahedrala and octahedral
the two different vibrational frequencies assigned.
Obs. Number Chemical Formula 
Tetrahedral1 cm-1 Tetrahedral 2 in cm-1  Octahedral 1 cm-1 Octahedral 2 in cm-1

1 Ni.4Zn.6Fe2O4
570 560 440 400

2 Ni.25Zn.75Fe2O4
570 545 410 410

3 Ni.3Zn.7Fe2O4
560 545 420 410
There are two peaks found at the tetrahedral and octahedral band positions. Our finding is that minor modifications in the values of g, ν 1 corresponds to stretching of tetrahedral metal ν 2 occurs in the spinels that we have developed at our laboratories. The present spectra show the fine structure and the intensity of fine structure increases with Fe (iron) content. Therefore the observed structure may be due to iron ion ordering. Also IR spectrum did not change which inference that large number of IR active modes is not caused by the ordering in the presence of two kinds of cations on just the one sub-lattice. The frequency of vibration is determined by various parameters like cationic masses the bonding forces and the cation-anion distances.

Acknowledgment:

I have been introduced to Prof Herzberg and his wife at the Indian Science Congress Session held in Andhra University, when the second time The Canadian Professor and Nobel Laureate paid a visit to the Prof. K. Rangadhama Rao’s laboratories of Science & Technology at AU, Waltair Due to the demise of Prof K. R. Rao D.Sc.(Madras)D.Sc.(London), his ardent students like Professor PTRao, Prof. C. Santhamma of AU, Dr. K. Appala Narasimham from BARC, Dr. C. Ramashastri from IIT, Madras and Prof Dr K. S. Rao of Karnataka University, Dharwad have graced the occasion.


Tuesday, June 15, 2010

Phenomenal June 2010 Weather at Visakhapatnam

trusciencetruyechnology@blogspot.com : Volume 2010, Issue No.6 Dated 15th June 2010
A SPECIAL REPORT OF First Fortnight of June 2010 WEATHER AT VISAKHAPATNAM
by
Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana
{Retd. Prof of Physics (SU)}, D.No.17-11-10, Narasimha Ashram, Official Colony, Maharanipeta. P. O. Visakhapatnam-53002. Mobile: 9491902867
Kotcherlakota_l_n@hotmail.com.



ABSTRACT:



The release of heat due to the Industrial Furnaces and the Power Units in and around Visakhapatnam are being blamed for the unusual weather conditions of Visakhapatnam. But the fact that the city has become a concrete jungle in the name of development is being overlooked. Crowded concrete jungle seems to be much appreciated and unfortunately the rule of urban development of spacious and vegetative surroundings to augment the health of people of this city of enormous number of Hospitals, Consultancy complexes, huge shopping building constructions and multistoried urban dwellings has been side stepped. From December 2009 sun surface features have increased and by 2013 it would reach a peak as per the observations made by extreme ultra violet spectral studies. It may release radioactive winds towards the earth and on its satellites in 2013. For the first time the significance of Prof Kotcherlakota Suhasini's (NEBRASKA) finding of Hot Islands in this region have been recognized. Earth tremors of 12th June 2010 in Andhra Pradesh are noteworthy since they are found to be of directed intensity.

Keywords:
urban development, health, scorching summer, June, Orion constellation



Preamble

From the 1st June 2010 to the 12th June 2010 morning up to 3AM the Maharanipeta, Official Colony people felt the unusual hot days of this year’s summer season. The heat sweltering was unusual since it caused an excessive acidic stomach and produced an aversion of food intake especially the two days of the 7th and 8th June 2010. Recourse to Soda Drinks and intake of Mango juice coupled with coconut water had only yielded temporary relief but for the most of the time people forced to take rest and became very inactive. It affected the teenage girls, children and the senior citizens. Many senior citizens withered, have lost their figure and became dry. The city of Visakhapatnam experienced power shortage of 300MW (1600-1300MW) and power cut of 6-7 hours. The authorities blame the weather as due to excessive relative humidity. June 10th, 2010 it rained heavily in Hyderabad and elsewhere in east Godavari, Viziyanagaram, Krishna zilla and Nellore (since Thursday). From December 2009 sun surface features have increased and by 2013 it would reach a peak as per the observations made by extreme ultra violet spectral studies. It may release radioactive winds towards the earth and its satellites in 2013.
Introduction:
The FET cyclone in the Arabian Sea has traversed towards Oman via Gujarat and Pakistan on Thursday June 3rd, 2010 hence the South-West monsoon has become static. The FET rained almost 600mm in the sea and surrounding areas about 200mm as per a NASA satellite monitor from the space. It produced 18 feet waves in the middle of the sea. Many cities in Andhra Pradesh recorded 40-46 deg C temperatures during 1st June to 12th June, 2010.

Saturday 5th June 2010 morning between 4-7AM gales and slight drizzle occurred in uppada-kothapalli (41.2mm), rajanagaram, k gangavaram, rajole, sakinetipalli (slightly) , amalapuram (25.8mm), Rajahmundry (8.8mm), and Kakinada (4.2mm). Warangal rain with lightning and thunderbolts. Gales damaged the yield and the houses in bhulapalli, and on parakala niyogaka-vargam neredupalli, vajinapalli, kothapelli, gorlaveedu, chityala mandal thirmalapuram, kundanpalli (thunderbolt), vellampalli, tekumetla, gunturpalli, jadalpeta, navabpeta, challagariga, gumaddiveli, and ankushapur.Medak zilla,Nagpur, mannur mandal and Narayankheda mandalam villages were also affected by gales.

7th June 2010 an unusually hot and most sever summer day at Visakhapatnam Maharanipeta.P.O. Visakhapatnam. In the night there were hot gales and many people felt sick. The evening around 18PM of 8th June 2010 there was sudden heavy cloud cover at Maharanipeta and it cooled but the rain was only a drizzle. It indicated the entry of Sun into Mrugasira rash i.e. Orion constellation. Dazzling Sun and moving clouds of Maharanipeta, Visakhapatnam has characterized the weather on the 9th June 2010 and the bright sun spectra visible of the 11th June 2010 could be recorded. The 10th June 2010 images of the Sun refraction from clouds over the trees and clouds giving rainbow spectral colors has been surmised as due to the ice flakes forming the silver lines of the clouds of the seasonal monsoon. These have been depicted in three big pictures. The pure spectrum of the sun at 10:23A.M., and different versions of it using a filter of blackened Kodak film strip and through an Al foil to prevent the glare are given.

IMAGES:

The Image of a crimson color evening at RK beach sky is by MDNavaz dated 5th June 2010.Another Gaaligopuram in Guntur Bapatla (like the srikalahasteeswara in chitoor) is almost ready to collapse. The death of about 5.7crore people burnt dead bodies would produce 6.84crore tons of carbon dioxide into the environment of the globe. One wood stock burnt gives 180kilos carbon dioxide, some mercury of dentures, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxide, hydrofluoric acid, hydrochloric acid, methane, benzene, ethanol, formaldehyde, cyclohexane, acetone, and dioxins released into the atmosphere.



On 5th June 2010 Saturday night ( till Sunday morning 9AM traffic was obstructed) three districts Srikakulum, Kadappah, and Vizianagaram of Andhra Pradesh have been slashed by heavy rains and several other districts reeled under severe summer heat.













RESPITE:
The morning of the 12th June 2010 brought respite from the scorching and feverish summer at about 3AM due to weather change of rainy clouds and rain obviously due to the low depression in the Bay of Bengal that meteorologists speculate as conducive for an advanced monsoon to Andhra region. The first ones to feel the respite were the crows that roamed the below the clouds for snatching the rainy offspring tiny creatures.

Earth Tremors and Sea insurgence on to land:

The sea at EGD,Visakhapatnam, WGD and Prakasam Districts coast has experienced 2metres high waves.EGD uppalguptam,katrenikona and sakinetipalli boats were dumped on to the shore sands. Godavari tributaries mouths of vasista, gowthami, vaintheya into the sea have been flooded inside by sea water.Kakinada upputeru was engulfed in sea water and the yanam beach disappeared. WGD mogalturu zilla mollaparru, kppallem, and prakasam zilla kothapatnam mandal city and k pallepallem has received 20 metres inside flow of sea water while Krishna zilla, machillipatnam, manganpudi beach got inside flow of 30metres water. The vizag city experienced three earth tremors at 1PM on Saturday June 12th,2010, night the New Moon day,that affected Simchalam, prahladapuram, thatchetla pallem, adarsha nagar, and gopalapatnam due to an earthquake of 7.7R at Andaman Nicobar islands. It was also felt on Saturday morning at Chennai.

A powerful earth quake measuring 7.7 on Rector Scale terrified the people of Andaman Nicobar Islands on Saturday mid night forcing them stay out of their homes all the night. The centre of the earth quake was concentrated 157Km away from Nikobar Islands and 35KM deep in Indian Ocean says the US Geological Survey.Indian National Centre for Ocean Information Services alerting the people has announced a ‘Tsunami-Watch’ for 10 to 15 Islands. However, it stated that there is nothing alarming but it was a precautionary measure.The effect of the earth quake spreads across several parts of Southern India. Chennai, PSR Nellore, Vijayawada,Kavali, Visakhapatnam, Vizianagaram, Srikakulam and some other places witnessed the tremors of the earth quake. In Vijayawada people rolled from sleeping berths and the multistoreyed buildings swayed dangerously. Kavali also experienced the tremor with some intensity. Especially in Gopalapuram, Thiruvanmiyur, Anna Nagar, Kodambakkam and in Porur people have spent outside their houses all the night fearing disaster. Many buildings in these locations developed cracks during the 9 seconds-brief period of tremors. However, there was no loss of life or disaster reported.
On June 13, 2010, Uranus,Jupiter, and Mercury will be lined up on one side of the Sun whileVenus, Mars, and Saturn will be lined up on the other side. Earth will be perpendicular to the Sun at this time. This happens once every 5 thousand years.This could create severe pole rifts, which would produce earthquakes and volcano's erupting.
In and around the vicinity of Earth – It’s history in the making. Get out your telescope. Look to the skies. Astronomers, astrologers, and NASA are all heralding a unique alignment this Summer 2010, and some are saying that “bridges between worlds,” will be opened during this wherewhen, in one way and another.What’s Happening?- June 13, 2010: Planetary Alignment- June 26, 2010: Partial Lunar Eclipse- July 11, 2010: Total Solar Eclipse- December 21, 2010: Total Lunar EclipseOn June 13, 2010, this window will open as six of the largest planets in our solar system will begin their procession into a balanced alignment. Along with the sun, their combined gravitational pull offers an enormous contribution to a phenomenal event.The alignment of planets will appear from Earth like a straight line of six planets with the sun in the middle; Uranus, Jupiter and Mercury lined up on one side of the sun, while Venus, Mars and Saturn will be lined up on the opposite. The Earth will thus be perpendicular to this alignment, forming a giant T-shape.”Then, on Sunday, July 11, 2010, this window will close, with a total eclipse of the Sun – that will visible from within a narrow corridor that traverses Earth’s southern Hemisphere.”
7.7 earthquake near Nicobar Islands; tsunami alert issuedAFP, Jun 13, 2010, 01.41am ISTWASHINGTON: The Pacific Tsunami Warning Center has issued a regional tsunami watch for all areas of the Indian Ocean, following a 7.7-magnitude earthquake near Nicobar Islands. "A tsunami watch is in effect for India, Indonesia, Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia, for other areas of the Indian Ocean region," the Hawaii-based warning center said. A major quake hit the Indian Ocean Sunday, around 160 kilometres (100 miles) from Nicobar Islands, the US Geological Survey said. "Earthquakes of this size have the potential to generate a destructive local tsunami and sometimes a destructive regional tsunami along coasts located usually no more than a thousand kilometres (620 miles) from the earthquake epicentre," the tsunami warning centre said. However, it added, "it is not known that a tsunami was generated. This watch is based only on the earthquake evaluation." The bulletin, it said, "is issued as advice to government agencies," adding that the responsibility for issuing official alerts rests with national and local governments.
On June 13th 2010, there will be an alignment of Uranus, Jupiter, Mercury, the Sun, Venus, Mars, and Saturn in respective order, with the Earth perpendicular to the Sun. (Potential Energy Stored) Along with the sun, theircombined gravitational pull offers an enormous contribution to a phenomenal event. The alignment of planets will appear from earth like a straight line of six planets with the sun in the middle; Uranus, Jupiter and Mercury lined up on one side of the sun, while Venus, Marsand Saturn will be lined up on the opposite. The Earth will thus be perpendicular to this alignment, forming a giant T-shape.""The completion of the alignment will be marked by a solar eclipse observed in the southern hemisphere on July 11, 2010. At this time the moon’s gravitational pull will join in with the others. The absolute cosmic elements (earth, water and the dense circular atmosphere) will be pulled toward the solar team of helpful celestial bodies reducing their effect."On July 11th, additional water weight will be pulled in by the moon during the eclipse over the South Pacific Ocean that will cause a heavy tidal bulge. That slow moving massive wave will cause damaging earthquakes as it travels through South Polynesia towards Chile. There could be additional strain at multiple points around the active Ring of Fire, causing quakes and eruptions. The San Andreas Fault would be a folcrum that could fracture as this surge of water travels and applies additional pressure to that portion of the globe.