Tuesday, December 23, 2008

Applications of Radio-Isotopes in Agriculture by B S Sastry


trusciencetrutechnology Vol.2008, No.12 Dated 20th Dec 2008
Adjoining Photo of late Prof K.Rangadhama Rao
D.Sc.(Madras) D.Sc.(London) of Andhra University, Waltair
Applications of Radio-Isotopes in Agriculture:
By
Dr.B.S.Sastry,
Jt.Secretary Gandhi Center, Dwaraka nagar,Visakhapatnam
Phone No.0891-2505134

1 Gamma Irradiation brings mutation in Seeds this helps.
a. In improving Quality of Seeds
b. makes seeds resistant to several harmful diseases
c. Brings out better yield in Crops.
2. Gamma irradiation of stored foods enhances the self-life.

However this irradiation by Gamma Rays will not make the products radioactive as it will not change the Chemical Element.
3. Radioisotopes can be used:
to study mobility characteristics of fertilizers in soil and uptake of materials in plants.
Also radio-tracers are helpful to get a clear understanding of flow of micronutrients
PROJECTS AND DEVELOPMENT INDIA Ltd.
Service Years 1967-1996 (centric PSU) with about 400 Gadgets:
Sindhri R & D laboratories and
Hindusthan Fertilizer Corporation Ltd.
Agricultural Wing jointly developed facilities for the above studies both at the levels of laboratory and extended fields.
The facilities included:
A. Spot irradiation Chamber,(Gamma Chamber) containing 2500 Ci Cobalt-60
B. Extended field irradiation facility to plants & crops in an area of 8 acres, known as Gamma-Garden with 1000 Ci cobalt-60 specialized.
C). Radio-Tracer Lab having Glove Boxes, Beta, Gamma Chamber Facilities also are used by Agricultural Wing(PUSA) at Rajendhra Nagar Agricultural College, Bihar:
RESULTS ACHIEVED:
Changes of inferior quality Ground nut seeds to a good quality an of higher yields types.
Quality changes in some Pulses & millets
Increase of Sugar content in Sugar Cane
Suitable plantations identification in various soils.
Economic application of Fertilizers & micronutrients for achieving high agricultural yields.
===================================================
Worked as a consultant:
to Bokaro Steel Ltd.,
Organized Radiation Safety Training Programs for Public Sector Organizations
Lab Types Specialized:
Type A: To handle 2500 Ci like BARC organizations.
Type B: upto 100 Ci (max)
Type: C: upto 1milli Ci
Walls design with Epoxy (plastic emulsions) paints to be used for the lab walls
Entry:
By protective clothes (in a change Room) with shoe carriers/Apron overcoats/ that are required essentially.
Studied all aspects mentioned in Proc of Peaceful Uses of Atomic Energy during the years 1958-1962.
Design aspects:
Of Steel Plants alignment of Coke oven with push and quenching cars by using systems of Radioactive Sources.
==========================================================
Other Major and Minor Activities:
A. Formed a Northern Zone accreditation organization was approved by BARC and under Atomic Energy Department of PM Secretariat.
Organized joint ventures for a batch of 30/40 students at a time for about 5 to 6 courses.

B. Was present and Showed Homi J .Bhabha the authors work on Beta and Gamma Spectrometers Siegbahn-Slatis laboratory established at Nuclear Research Centre of Andhra University Colleges, the photos of his visit were published in local Telugu Daily Newspaper during the1960s decade.

C. Advisory Member Environmental Monitoring Committee, Visakhapatnam Port Trust.

D. Consultant to Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board zone office of Visakhapatnam
The author of the above article ( a student of 1958 B.Sc. Physics(Hons) course at Andhra University,Waltair) sought a photograph( displayed below) of late professor K.Rangadhama Rao D.Sc.(Madras) D.Sc.(London) who was Professor Manne Siegbhan labs of University of Uppsala, Sweden.
=============================================================

Saturday, December 13, 2008

Nexus for Science & Technology and Transfer of Technology

trusciencetrutechnology Research forum Meeting

held on 7th December 2008 at B-2, 1st Floor, Dolphin Apts, Naroji Road, Visakhapatnam -530002.
Presentation entitled,

Nexus for Science and Technology and Transfer of Technology.
By
D.N.Sinha A.I.I.I ., F.I.E, F.I.V., M.B.A
Qualified Auditor, ISO-14000-EARA Recognised-UK
ISO-9000 IRCA-UK
Charetered Enggm &Regd Valuer,
Competent Eng(Safety) under CCE Nagpur, Loss Assessor
What for the Research being done?

Societal Application of Science & Technology through Research and Development including nexus between Technology Transfer and Development.
1. For Transfer of Technology
2. For use of Society.
3 Space Research
4 Remote sensing
5. Ocean development
6. Earth & atmosphere
7. Biotechnology &Energy
8. Rural development.

(Stress on self-reliance, indigenous products and development of life of women folk [to avoid of smoke etc])

What is the Spin –offs of Research and Development being carried out.
a. Role of Scientist in the Society
b. Spirit of Science & Scientific Temper
c. What are the barriers (spiritual, political, different vedikas. etc?)
d. Improper Scientific Temper
e. Evolution of Science Ancient Times
f. Marine Research and capacity building [skills of individuals increase of skilled man power]
g. Science and Faith (witch craft in rural areas, revolutionary changes

India can be a totally developed if rural, tribal and urban slum dwellers develop faith in Science & Technology.

9. What is Technology Mission?
Full details in a later blogpost.
Contact Author E:Mail ID: sinha1931@hotmail.com

Model Design and Making

Model Design and Making
Shri C.Venkata Ramaiah,

45-46-15/1, Abid Nagar , Visakhapatnam
Mobile No.9490671675
Land Line: 0891 2711922

I have vast experience of several years in Model Building and Design. I have worked as an Instructor
at BRAVES Ind.Train.Centre, from 1992 to 2003 and Now am working with the office of BRAVES,
upstairs of Subhiksha Shop,Near Saibaba Temple, Akkayapalem Main Road, with The BRAVES.
Following are some pictures of Models Built by me.Those interested may contact me for appraisal and job works.Am a free lancer and knows very little English.Am a Telugu speaking person.Am thankful Prof.K.Lakshmi Narayana, for his interest in me and to promote me professionally with my technical skills.I gave this material for his Blogspot publication on the 12th Friday December 2008 at the BRAVES when he came to attend the Telugu Sahiti Vedic meeting at our Seminar Hall.


















Bench Grinding Machine, Machine Vice, Drilling Machine, Hand Boring, Water mini pump (12V),Pipe Vice

Saturday, November 8, 2008

Guest Lecture by Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana on "Modern Trends in Physics"

Guest Lecture by
Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana
on
"Modern Trends in Physics"
Delivered at Maharaja College,Vizianagaram
Dated 5th November 2008
Venue: College Seminar Hall: Duration 11.00AM to 12.20PM
Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana met The Principal Dr.D.V.K.Raju on the 3rd Nov.2008 at his office and on Principal invitation, Professor agreed to deliver a lecture on “Modern Trends in Physics”. Dr.S.Sayasi Raju was present at that time and recalled how Professor on his own request delivered a talk to school children at the Time of Science Express train visit to Visakhapatnam.
Under NAAC activity Dr.DRKRaju garu arranged a Guest Lecture cum Seminar on “Modern Trends in Physics” to be delivered on the 5th November at 10.30AM onwards. A very big banner of Digitized version was put up in the M.R.College, Seminar Hall informing the public and students about the Guest Lecture by Dr.K.Lakshmi Narayana on Modern Trends in Physics.
The lecture was well attended by the students and faculty of Maharaja College at Vizayanagaram. The college has attained an autonomous status and is now in position to engage in a variety of courses to enable the students to develop job oriented skills.
The reason of visit of Dr.Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana to this college has been, of course, prompted by the fact that Late Prof. Dr.Kotcherlakota Rangadhama Rao D.Sc. (Madras) D.Sc. (London) was a student, at collegiate level 1916-1919 and as well, was a most successful research scientist of this Maharaja College. Professor Dr.K.R.Rao. D.Sc. (Madras) D.Sc. (London) was a self made man(worked as demonstrator at Viziyanagarm and also in Srikakulum colleges) and has borrowed partly money to gather the optical and other Physics gadgets to complete his research work in this College the near-most city college, to Visakhapatnam Town, recognized by Madras University as research laboratory for award of its Doctoral Degrees. At the collegiate level itself Prof.K.R.Rao has earned the praises of the teachers for his uncanny abilities to set up the experiments in Physics and especially for optical investigations, probably well planned to help his ambitious research study after the acquisition of B.A (Hons) and the Post Graduate M.A degree in Physics. He got his BA degree from Mrs. A.V.N.College Visakhapatnam and his MA degree in Physics from Tiruchinopoly, Tamil Nadu. Later as planned he successfully did research work at the Maharaja College. (1920-1925)
5th November 2008 Programme
>Presidents (Dr.D.R.K.Raju, Principal) opening remarks
>Address by the H.O.D of Physics –Dr. M.A. Kareem
> Introduction of the Guest by Dr. S.Sanyasi Raju
> Lecture by Prof.K.Lakshmi Narayana
>Presidents concluding remarks and Memento presentation to the Chief-Guest
>Vote of thanks by Sri D.B.R.K.Murthy.
The Guest Lecture cum Seminar acitivity was recorded electronically.

Wednesday, October 15, 2008

LET THERE BE LIGHT & DARKNESS UPHOLDS THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE

LET THERE BE LIGHT and DARKNESS
UPHOLDS THE PRINCIPLE OF EQUIVALENCE

by
Shri Gollapudi Ramakrishna,
Gollapudi House (Apts).48-1-34, Srinagar (RTC), Visakhapatnam-530016
ABSTRACT:

The Principle of Equivalence asserts therefore that in the Darkness the dissociative things are all equivalent when viewed locally.

INTRODUCTION:
The educational system for imparting the training in mathematics to introduce subjects like Trigonometry should be more human and effortless. The mechanical drudgery of “by hearting” the formulae or trying to remember the relations of Sine and Cosine functions as opposite and adjacent sides of a “rectangled” triangle need to be modified.
Day to day life instances of measurements in terms of the half angles subtended by an arcual distances of objects need to be stressed.
The entire practice of imparting the knowledge should be more practical and shouldn’t be a theoretical boring and monotonous approach of abstract notions. Adoption of imperial techniques of teaching should be replaced by a more local and easy learning by way of stories and vivid descriptions should be made. Use of shadows to measure the big and small (pyramids or humans) heights should be made to actually demonstrate the relations.
Presence of light provides the means of observation. But this makes the human being (or as a matter of fact any living thing) to change from one observation to another observation. That implies the past human is not the same as the post human (or a living life). These records produce thoughts that themselves keep changing. Hence the idea of observation itself is void. Midhya ( branthi) i.e. voidness of observation and thought make living life as not explicit.
ABSENCE OF ETHER:
The light moves with a constant velocity, is made absolute, by Einstein through his postulates of Relativity Theory. He followed Michelson-Morley experiment and established that light propagates and lives in terms of quanta called photons without the support of “ether”. All earlier thoughts of existence of ether and attributes of light are replaced by a quantum of Planck’s Action and attribute of light as either as wave or particle are retained.
(Dr D.V.N.Sarma argued that constancy of light may be explained by stopping and restarting its journey over certain fixed lengths. When it halts at the end of the fixed wavelength it emits, and in travel it absorbs energy and so has constant velocity. He worked out this plan when he was at high school of his studies).
The author Gollapudi Ramakrishna asserts that different wavelengths of light (as a matter of fact electromagnetic waves) have different velocities. He was happy to attend Prof E.C.G.Sudharshan lecture at the 95th session of Indian Science Congress held at Andhra University Hall. He is glad that Einstein’s theories were countered by Prof E.C.G.Sudharshan and alternative ideas of Tachyons have been introduced.
CENTRAL TENDENCY (KENDRIYATA):
The notion that light has absolute velocity and is the limit of physical universe has become the “{central”. This “central tendency” (kendriyata) also exists in religious beliefs of personification of God, Christ or Allah or different kinds of Idol worship. It appears that “human beings” are caught up in this exercise of “central tendency”. It’s a Himalayan blunder! One should get out of this attitude, and then universe appears to be nothing in nothingness.
The creation of universe from one egg (i.e.brahmanda) itself is a “central tendency” of human thought and objectivity. There can be several Brhamandas in fact described as Anant Koti (infinite) Brahmandas.
DARKNESS A SUBSTRATUM:
Virtually there would be darkness without the light. Is it a substratum?
Why is that we need a substratum?
Huygens’s theory of sound originally thought that hairs inside inner ear cochlea identify different wavelengths. Of course, the dividing lengthwise membrane contains sensitive receptor cells which transform sound energy or pressure waves into action potentials.
The membrane has different resonating properties along its length, responds to high frequencies at the stapes and to low frequencies at its upper end. Human ear can distinguish some 400000 different sounds. Mr G.Ramakrishna asserts that, subjectively experienced sound has obviously a cumulative response of all the wavelengths of complex wave.
Similarly touch is a cumulative subjective resonance phenomenon that can perceive the upper layers and as well the substrate.
When a finger touches the top of a parapet wall, it’s not just the dust on the surface but it acquires a cumulative subjective resonance experience of both the upper layer and the substratum.
LIGHT ATTRIBUTE AND TACHYONS:
The reason why the Light has no longitudinal component has been explained to the author by Prof. Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Mahayana as follows.
The longitudinal component and the temporal component the Electromagnetic Potential in a 4D (space-time) field configuration on an average mutually cancel out in a summation.
Thus light is only a Transverse wave.
The author Mr. G. Ramakrishna feels that with the ideas of Prof E.C.G.Sudharshan and that failure of Einstein’s view of Relativity. The light needs to be understood (not possible for the author to explicitly state) in a totally different perspective.
God said that there be light and so there was Light. It came from Darkness. What is this Darkness?
ASSOCIATION AND DISSOCIATION:

Light is means of an association of objects, things, perception, intelligence, memory etc. But without Light do you mean to say that all these things won’t exist?
Far beyond the universe Tachyons indicate a perceptible universe where light has also an existence.
Thus Tachyons would make the visible universe as just a thing. Before the creation of the universe or the universes in the darkness, as well things exist, but in a dissociative way!!
The Principle of Equivalence asserts therefore that in the Darkness the dissociative things are all equivalent when viewed locally.
BIODATA:
Aged 54 years. Bachelor. Ex-employee of Indian Bank for 11 years. Vice-Principal of VT College, Dwarkanagar, for several years.
Studied M.Sc. Appl. Physics 1st year and discontinued without appearing for exams, when Prof Veturi Ramakrishna Rao was HOD, AU, and Waltair.
=================================================================
This article is drafted by Prof. Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana, since Shri G.Ramakrishna stated that he has to work hard to put the material in an orderly fashion. Shri G Ramakrishna stays in an apartment and sleeps on the floor and spends time reading books, and visiting libraries. Since childhood he has involved himself in discussions with his learned sisters.
==========================================

Sunday, October 12, 2008

An Ode to Diode by Mrs A Savitri, SG Lect in Physics





An Ode to Diode



by"savitri ayapilla" sav1955@yahoo.co.in



Mrs AVN College,



Dept of Physics,



Visakhaptnam-530002



Dated 12th October 2008



==================
My dear! beloved diode
What else can I give you other than this small imperfect ode?
I know it’s no comparable to your deed
It’s been twenty three years since I took your name
Like ram nam in all my lectures and circuital kam
Like a tree; gigantic
hidden in a seed; minute
you, the basic active unit
of the entire electronic art –
oh! Dearest friend in need
my entire career revolved
around you
the ways of diode
I thought and taught
Whether I am awake are in bed.
Though there is depletion
due to initial career diffusion
your immobile space charge region
Works wonders beyond our comprehension
What can we give you in return : the best
But for a small bias to make you act
Whether the given bias
Makes or breaks your ways
You hardly care and come to our service
Thus making me pour all these praises
I tell my students
diodes or but switches
with forward bias they are closed
and reverse bias, makes them open
this excellent feature
makes it rectifier
what a wonder and easy means
to convert ac in to dc: for we humans
as half wave or full wave
the least or power losses
thus we could :
with you form very handy bridges
after all isn’t transistor just two diodes back to back
though we shower it with praises for being an amplifier
tunnel diodes, zeners, leds
schottky diodes, pin diodes……………..
all are your varied forms
I recite all these names
Like Vishnu sahasra namas
in sarvakala sarva avasthas
you the basic unit of electronics
you the backbone my lectures
I praise thee! For your price less service


I hail thee! In more and more new forms


================================


Mrs Savitri has exhibited many of these


on the occasion of the 150th Anniversary Science


Exhibition of Mrs AVN College.


The cartoons were drawn by her niece


a computer specialist


=============================

Friday, October 10, 2008

INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY by Shri DN Sinha

INTRODUCTION TO SAFETY
by
DN Sinha A.I.I.I. ,F.I.E.,F.I.V.,M.B.A
Qualified Auditor, b2 1st floor Dolphins Apt,Naoroji Road,Visakhapatnam-530002
Mobile: 9393101926 : Tel 08912564715
ISO 14000EARA Recognized -UK ;ISO -9000 IRCA-UK ; chartered Engineer & Registered Valuer
Competent Eng(Saftey) under CCE Nagpur;Loss Assessor; Associate (Insurance Institute of India)
PREAMBLE
SAFETY - is freedom from danger and Risk.
HAZARD - Asource of risk or danger.
Safety and Productivity.
Productivity can be described as an output from a given set of resources of facilities.Productivity becomes meaningful when the output is achieved by the maximum utilization of the resources available.
Industrial production depends on the following factors:
1. Men
2.Material
3.Machines
4.Environment
For efficient production,all the above factors should not have any interruption.Men should be skillful and in fit condion.There should be sufficient raw material available.The material should be of good quality.The machines or an equipment which serves to shape the material into a desired product,should be of good design and in good workin order.Bad environment such as improper lighting,bad ventilation ,vibration and noisy location etc, will,not only affect the men but alsoresult in damage of the material and machine.Hence it can be seen that for optimum or targeted productivity,all the four factors namely men,material,machine and environment are interlinked.
Now let us find out the effects which are felt due to the effects which are felt due to the interruption or stoppage of production.
· An accident injures the worker and the result is the stoppage of production.
· Again ,an accident results in the damage to the material or machine.For example,if the operator of a machine is careless and negligent,he can cause an accident and either the material or the machine or both can be damaged.Due to this ,the production suffers or stops.
· Due to interruption or stoppage of work,the morale or interest of the workers is reduced.The good relation-ship of the worker with other co-workers and the supervisor also suffers.
· Final target of out put of a product and its quality are affected in case work stops.
· Operational cost,material cost,machine cost.,and incidence of various other factors increase due to interruption of work.Man hours and machine hours are lost and this reduces the profit margin and affects the consumer or customer.
· Interruption of work due to an accident not only affects the person involved but also the supervisor as his attention is diverted towards the injured person by way of taking care of the injured and also investigating into the cause of the accident.
· The management suffers loss of prestige and good name if the trend of increase in injury- hours and also frequent stoppage of work,in the Industrial sector.
The basic reasons as mentioned above in interruption of production from accidents.
Hence if accidents are prevented or incidence reduced,the production is more continuous and less interruptions.
An accident can be prevented or controlled :-
An unsafe act or practice of workers is eliminated,
Unsafe working codition is prevented or corrected.
Accidents can be eliminated by both unsafe practices and unsafe conditions.They are as follows.
Placing of right man for the right job is to be kept in mind.Rhis can be achieved at the selection or recruitment stage of workers.
Job training and safety training should be well planned and all the workers are to be covered right from their induction into the factory .The traing should not be a one time affair,but should be a periodical or continuous one.
Enthusiasm of the workers should be kept up at all times by introducing incentive schemes,competitions,seminars suggestion schemes etc.
Periodical inspections of workin area will bring out the unsafe conditions and the same can be rectified before accident occur.
Optimum productivity cannot be achived without incorporating or practicing safety as safety and productivity are two sides of acoin.trobles of safety causes accidents also.
· Finally some of the basic wrong attitudes of a common man towards safety.Wrong immaginationor disbelief makes some persons to loose interest towards safety.
· Some workers and some supervisors think that accidents are the acts of god and a man cannot be prevent accidentsThey even think that praying god ,accidents can be prevented
· Some say that devoting time for safety is waste and they are busy and no time for safety.
· Though some supervisors accept the safety regulations theoretically,they think that same cannot be put in practice and by doing so the production will be affected.
· The attitude of some workers and supervisors think that the responsibility to ensure safety is not theirsbut the the responsibility of
· safety officials only. They do not belive it is the responsibility of every one.
· Some supervisors do not involve fully in the safety matters and think they have done their best and now it is for the workers to follow the safety rules.
Continuous education of safety matters can eliminate or reducethe drawbacks of the workers,supervisors ,managers etc..They can be educated by showing examples of other factory by adhering to safety rules at all times.
The government has enacted the safety laws in the Factories Act 1948.The enforcement of safety laws not only bring down the accidents but also increasing the the production and productivity of an industry.
PLANT LAYOUT REQUIREMENTS FOR SAFETY.
Safety and productivity are very much interliked.The productivity of an industry depends on material handling.A good and well planned plant layout helps in improving production as well as safety performance of an industry.
The most important single requirement in choosing the site is that it should be large enough to accommodate the proposed developments and to avoid congestion.In considering the possibility of FIRE spread on the site,allowances should be made for the velocity and direction of the prevailing wind.Afire may spread from the adjoining or nearby premises and this risk can be minimized by providing a clear space between the risk and the neibouring premises.
OBJECTIVES OF PLANT LAYOUT
A plant layout starts at the blue print stage.It takes care of the present activities and future expansion of an industry.Its main objectives are :
· Efficient and uninterrupted flow of material.
· To reduce the repetition of the same material without any useful purpose.
· To define the path way ,road way ,railway,machinery and other plant requirements of the factory.
· To avoid over crowding machines and men on a shop floor,thus avoiding conjetion and improving house keeping.
· Easy accessibility of both material and machines is also kept in mind while carrying out a plant layout.
· Efficient lighting,ventilation,means of of escape during emergencies like fire explosion,etc,are also the objectives of plant layou
LEGAL REQUIREMENTS FOR A FACTORY LAYOUT.
· The Factory Act of 1948 lay down certain requirements for the plant layout.They are as follows :
· Access for fire fighting.
Buildings and plants shall be so laid out and roads,passage ways,etc, so maintained as to permit unobstructed access for fire fighting.
· Doors and windows shall be located in suitable position on all external walls of the buildings to provide easy access to the enyire area within the building for fire fighting
2. F IRE EXITS.
· In every room of a factory.exits,sufficient to permit safe escape of the occupants in case of fire or other emergency,shall be provided ,which shall be free of any obstruction.
3. LIGHTING.
· The layout of the plant shall be made in such a way that in every work room,sufficient and suitable lighting (natural and artificial) should be provided.
4. SPACE REQUIREMENT FOR EACH WORKER.
· A minimum space of 14.2 c.mtrs. for every worker employed must be planned in the factory layout.
5. VENTILATION AND TEMPERATURE.
· Every work room should be constructed in such a way so as to permit adequate ventilation,either natural or artificial or with both to maintain reasonable conditions of comfort and prevent injury to health of the workers ie.,to say proper infrastructural working conditions suitable for efficiency of the workers.
6. ISOLATION OF HAZARDOUS PROCESS.
· In case of the process producing dust,gas,fumes,vapour which can produce explosion on excessive parameters,shall be isolated from the main working area to the extent possible.
Safety measures for material handling areas have to be properly provided in
The plan layout.consideration must be given to the type of Trucks,Intensity of
Traffic of workmen,material,specific ways for entry of Industrial
Trucks,cranes and other heavy mobile transport.,by way of sufficient
Entry openings both in height and width for the likes of forklifts, & roads laid
To withstand maximum loads to be transported.Similarly for overhead
Cranes,conveyors etc.Storage areas of fuel gases should be according to
Petroleum Rules & act,also under SMPV (U) Rules.General storage should
Have easy accessibility.Most importantly enough area must be provide for
Fire Fighting Operations.
Periodic maintenance of Plant & Machinery according to the Instructions
on the equipment by the Manufacturer is a must for any Industry or Factory.
All Statutory requirements as laid down for an Industry or Factory must be
Strictly followed and all Legal considerations must be taken into account.
Records of maintenance and Manuals of Instructions must be made available
For maximum safety.
The Factory Act requires certain periods within which all lifting equipment
Should be cleanly painted with details of capacity,load etc.,including all kinds
Of cranes,& air receivers.
HOUSE KEEPING.
Oil spills must be cleaned,as the possibility of slipping of staff is possible,
Causing accidents to staff.Poor lighting should be avoided to avoid accidents
By maintaining the lux as per regulations.Scrap & effluents must be sent to
Their specific areas.Fire accidents are possible due to oily waste material.
Good house keeping needs to remove such rags and other fire causing
Materials.
Safety in the use of Tools must be strictly observed,through non-sparking
Equipment.Regular classes in the correct use of tools must be entertained
To educate workmen in such practices.
WORKING AT HEIGHTS.
According to the Factories Act,if a workman is required to work at a height
Above 3 mtrs,he should be provided with safety Belt & must be compelled
To wear it.
LADDERS
· For stability,ladders should be placed with aslope of 4 vertical to one horizontalor about 75 degrees to the horizontal.
· Ladders should rest firmly on the base and the top portion should alsobe placed against firm supports.
· The base of the ladder should be without any obstruction.
· A person while climbing up or down,should always face the ladder.
· Wokmen should not carry tools in hand,while climbing the ladder.
· Leaning sideways on the ladder is to be avided.
· Ladders should be maintained properly and they should not be stored in open areas when they are not inuse.
· Ladders should be made of sound material with good design and construction.
WORKING IN ROOFS
Major and serious accidents take place when workmen fall from roof due to fragile sheeting ,loss of balance due to the slope of roof and due to careless working near the edges of the roof.
Factory Act states no person shall be allowed on,or pass over ,or walk on ,or near roof or ceiling covered with fragile material through which he is liable to fall,in case it breaks unless :
· Suitable and sufficient ladders,duck ladders,crawling boards which should be securely supported,are provided and used ,and
· A permit to work on fragile roof is issued to him each time he is required to work there on ,by a responsible person of the factory concerned,such as supervicsor,foreman,engineer or manager.
SAFETY BELTS
As per Factory Act,where any person is required or allowed to work at place from which he may be liable to fall through a distance of more than two metres,he shall be provided with safety belt with leather shoulder straps of not less than five centimeters in width a “D” ring at the back of the fastening rope,the other end of which shall be securely tied or hooked to some rigid fixture.The safety belt so provided,shall be tested and examined thoroughly by a competent person,at least once in six month and a certificate with regard to its suitability obtained from the said competent person.
SCAFFOLDS
Scaffold sevices as a platform at a height and also serves as a means of access from place to place at different heights.

Tuesday, October 7, 2008

The Research Forum Meeting of 5th October 2008

The research Forum meeting of 5th October 2008
trusciencetrutechnology.blogspot.com

The research Forum meeting of 5th October 2008 was held at Dr.D.V.N.Sarma’s residence and he has outlined a New theory of Oceans and their constitution with an object of explaining certain important physical and chemical features. He has outlined how a Quantum Theoretical Approach would give an insight into the Ocean characteristics and the most common and persistent features of the salty waters. He would write a big article elaborating on this Discovery by him worth a Nobel Prize.
But he doesn’t want publicity since he is preoccupied with studies on Vedas and Vedic Knowledge of India. He has outlined with reference to Birth Day of Gandhi, how Mahatma Gandhi was an avatar of Vishnu and his Spinning chakra was in fact a Sudharsan chakra. He supports by certain Vedic Numerology. October 2nd is the Non-Violence Day of The Globe.
Prof.E V Gangadharam spoke about the Mind and matter book by Shri V P.Pandit and published in 1976 from Pandit brothers’ in Chandhigar, Punjab, India. And also he stated about vizag.name website and its object of collecting all the Information about Vizag. He is also particularly interested in a Museum to preserve the antique articles of daily use and bronze etc materials and items and as well rare old text books. He regretted the Indians themselves don’t make any effort in this respect of collecting and preserving the antique articles of India of its culture and heritage. He appreciated the several International Museums and especially the American and Western world Museums who have painfully collected and preserved the ancient articles of India. Such an effort unfortunately is not taken as Indian citizen responsibility and duty to his ancestors of their painstaking efforts of art and culture.
Prof Dr.K.Lakshmi Narayana outlined the project by two high school girls(TWINS) and their younger brother on Electrolysis. The girls used throw away battery and other waste materials to explain the 8-10th standard electrolysis process. The details on this subject with photos and results would be posted at this Blogspot in due course of time.

Wednesday, September 10, 2008

TRUWIZ -109

TRUWIZ109

Dated:9th September 2008

Designed

by

Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana

In Memory of

109th

Birth Day of

late

Professor K.Rangadhama Rao D.Sc.(Madras) D.Sc.(London)

(9/9/1899-20/6/1972)

Q1).Both optically active and circular dichomic colliodalmicellesproduced under solar radiation are stimulated by

a) proteins b).aminoacids c).fatts d.) pigments

Q2). CuO loaded SnO2 senses H2S by the formation of an intermediatemolecule thatdestroys p-n junction which is

a). SnS b). H20 c).Cu2S d). CuS

Q3). The ancient pigment that cause survival of micro-organisms inhostile (including Chernbylexplosion) is

a).Melanin b).Turmeric c).Nicotine c). Myline

Q4). Diamonds found in the oldest crystals insiderocks on Earth'scrust date back to billion years not that much convincing

a).4.3 b).0.275 c).2.5 d).2.0

Q5). 15% of kupier belt objects are
a).binaries b). triplets c).quadruples d).Non-pairs

Q6)Clouds of French Nuclear tests were observed by the present authorat Kolhapur(SU) reaching the sky in abouta).2hrs b).3hrs c).4hrs d).5hrs.

Q7).In the human evolution new genes were discovered inBrain numbering about

a).4 b).2 c).5 d).6

Q8.) Development of tearless onion should not have volatile compounds of

a). Ammonia b). Benzene c). Sulfur d). Acetone

Q9. The highest dose of radon at a home found in Cornwall is about

a). 23.7Sv/yr b).55.8Sv/yr c).320Sv/yr d). 100 Sv/yr

Q10.). Seeds stored that could last through thousands of years needto be stored at

a). -2degC b). -4degC c).-18degC d).-15degC

Q11). The article entitled Riemann Curvature Vein etc dated 23/7/2008at a blogger used the word vein to imply

a). string b).membrane c).wave d)None of these

Q12). Fractal Aurora/Airglow observed at Visakhapatnam on 1/8/08partial solar eclipse may not be due to

a).AGNrays b).Protons c).Gamma Rays d),a,b,c all

Q13).Silver nanoparticles kills microbes by preventing cellreplication and transport of

a). Protons b). Water c). Pottasium d).Electrons

Q14). New datingtechniques used to find secret of 55yrs old GrandCanyon examined rock samples for the levels of elements

a).Plutonium & Uranium b).Helium & Plutonium c).Americium & Uraniumd).Uranium & Helium

Q15). Liquid crystals grow with a structural compromise with

a). micelle b).liquids c).molecular rearrangement d). Bubbles & voids

Q16).Carbon Nanotubes conducting rubbers can stretch to

a).500 b).550 c).570 d).600 (times)

Q17).Alucubierre drive depends on shrinking space-time in front of aship and exrand a fabric behind the ship i.e
a).Space b).Time c)string d)brane

Q18) Invisible cloak uses materials termed as

a)Nano b). Femto c) ceramic d).meta

Q19). Hubble space –telescope on ending 1,00,000th orbit around earthfound a firestorm of stellar raw material pearsing into a Nebula nearstar cluster

a). NGC2074 b)RD456 c)IJK789 d)ogt342

Q20). Prince Charless warns on crops

a). Organic b).Tropic c)GMO d)Desert

Q21). Functional red blood cells in labs are developed by using

a).ESC b). white cells c).Red cells d) None.

Q22).The new catalyst of extracting hydrogen from ethanol at 350degCby Dr U.Ozkan involves

a).Ce-C0-Ca b).Fe-Ce-C0 c). Fe-Al-S d)Mone

Q23). Catch & tell molecules which emit light signals on reaction withspecific chemicals use materials which are

a).Luminescent b)Flourescent c).Phosporescent d)Color Dyes

Q24).The number of flips required to solve the burnt pancake problem should be a

a)Maximum b).Minimum c). 100 d)One Mega

Q25).96 characters of keyboard included in a digitalsign language is called

a)cybercode b)smartcode c).thumbcode d).netcode

Q26). In winter particles of small diameters penetrate deep into lungsand cause a health hazard of size

a).50mu b).2.5mu c.) 0.5mu d).0.5mu

Q27). Cleveland clinic color sensor for lung cancer detection usescolors that change hue when exposed to breath numbering about

a).100 b)50 c)36 d).256

Q28). Bee venom Melittin and Delta Toxin from bacterium both have 26amino acids, same shape,with amphiphathic helical aggregate form andchannel notiff in membranes but doffer in

a).Negative charge b)positive charge c)lengths d)diameters

Q29). Frog sweats out peptide magainin made up of 23 aminoacids in ascrew-like helical chain can by self-assembling kill a
a).bacteria b).insects c).animals d).humans

Q30). Plant material vellozia cardida acquires the metal

a).zinc b)silver c)diamond d).copper

Q31). The Pebble Bed Modular Reactor (400MW) utilizes Helium coolantat 500degC & 377psi while flows out at 1323psi in a PBMR system withtemperature

a)600degC b). 1700degC c).3500dergC d)900degC

Q32)AntiRao particle and quasiparticles of honeycomb lattice grapheme doffer in

a).mass b).charge c).magnetism d).character

Q33 ).NASA's recent Phoneix discovered that mars soil sample particles are

a).viscous b).entangled c).fuzzy d)sticking

Q34). Vindhyan Basin seismograms indicated that multilayered crust isabout 46km thick but crust at Allahabad is thicker by about

a). 5km b). 10km c).20km d).40km

Q35). Recent attempt in India is to run trains by using

a).ethanol b).Petrol c). Biofuel d). CNG

Q36).Aquilion ONE (CT) uses ultra high resolution

a) X-rays b). Gamma rays c). Co rays d). Proton beams

Q37).Japan sends by 2030 an array of satellites whose transmittersconvert solar energy to beam to earth using

a).gamma rays b).IR-raysc). Microwaves d).x-rays

Q38).Google Earth would detect every 6hrs a dozen potential volcanoesin north pacific that puff

a). Sulphur b) rocks & glass c).aero gelsd). Gases

Q39). USA peanut empty shells total to about million tons

a).0.375 b).0.275 c).0.175 d) 0.075

Q40). The loss of a limb a scar on tissue etc that create a stub canbe healed by regrowth using dust from

a).ducks b).elephants c). Lionsd).pigs

Q41).HAARP's 18072-foot high tower with LF and HF dipoles or rods with180 Al towers at 80 feet apart in a 12x15 grid was recently zapped onto

a).mars b).galaxy c).Jupiter d).moon
Q42). E8 map table of integers with 450000 rows and columns required77hrs of SC time to occupy a disk space of

a). 3GB b). 10GB c). 60 GB d). 120GB

Q43 "Rods from God" of 20 feet length and 30 cm thick are basically

a).space weapons b).missiles c).shooting stars d). Bombs

Q44).Learning a complex skill leads to a noticeable change in brainwhite matter which occurs constituted bya).axons & glia b (neuron cells c) asymmetric water diffusiond).symmetric water diffusion

Q45).1859 solar event of Aug 24-Sept 4th, produced protons of BeV thatshattered oxygen and nitrogen in air to create " a ground level event"of shower of

a). electrons b).mesons c). Hyperons d) neutrons

Q46) When gravity is significant matter clumps reaches an equilibrium state forming

a).black hole b) neutron star c).white dwarf d).nouvae

Q47). There are more ways to arrange a given number of atoms thatreflect the "arrow of time" in a configuration of

a).high entropy b).high entanglement c).low entropy d).low entanglement

Q48). The water embedded in a produce of food or another product isknown as water

a).anomalous b).liquid c).virtual d). Capillary

Q49).Crater field Tycho with depth 4850m and its first central massif1600m high has the most striking

a). X-rays b).Gamma rays c).Neutrinosd).bright rays

Q50). At 65-76km UV radiation clouds on Venus appear brighter than thedense clouds layer beneath and rotation of clouds is only

a). 243 days b).4 days c).10 days d).20 days

Q51) The meteoric body in space entering above 100km becomes molten at2000degC to 300degCand disperses on vaporization over a range of

a).300km b)2km c).40km d).0 km

Q52). A bolide remnant of meteoric body called also meteorite consists of
a).stone & iron b). Gas c) minerals d) ice.

Q53). The brightest parts of Milky Way are in region of constellationScorpius and center is located at

a). Sagittarius b) Cygnus c) Aquillad) Cassiopeia

Q54). The pressure of dark matter in the form of filaments sheets andclusters (like bullet) is confined by pull due to

a).red shift b).blue shift c) magnetism d).gravitation

Q55). Every person has disintegrating radioactive atoms that number to

a).4E+05 b). 4000 c). 40000 d). 40

Q56) Gestation is about lunar monthsa). 266 dasa b) eight c) forty d) 100

Q57).Nerve signals travel at speed as high as

a).300miles/hr b).100miles/hr c) 200miles/hr d). 1000miles/hr

Q58). Part of body that takes Oxygen directly

a).Cornea b).Eye c) Nose d). Skin

Q59). Sometime Earth's magnetic field flips to create

a). volcanoes b). Earthquake c) storm d).cyclone

Q60) E=m*c^2 equation was given first by

a).Fraud b). Bohr c). Einstein d). Hastener

Q61). Einstein brain was weighing only

a).3.1 pounds b).2.7 pounds c).10 pounds d).4 pounds

Q62). Japan's science park to open in December to study and unzip themechanism of any living organism uses accelerated

a). electrons b).neutrinos c).protons d). Photons

Q63). GLAST expected to reveal secret of

a). Black hole b).invisible matter c). Dark energy d) glowing dust

Q64). Cows and cattle that graze or resting tend to align their bodies

a).westward b).eastward c) NS d).EW

Q65).The chemical BDNF of brain is responsible for appetite and

a).tall-ness b) dwarf-ness c) deafness d) obesity

Q66). Steam hybrids from car exhausts would make engine

a) Long life b).power increase b).efficient d). light weight
Q67). Junk raft traveled at 0.8km/hr between Long Beach, California toHawaii a distance of

a). 4200km b).5000km c)6000km d).4300km

Q68). The symmetry pattern of E(8)xE(8) of ordinary and shadow matter is

a).symmetrical b).chaotic c).unsymmetrical 4) unknown

Q69).Grossmann relation axb=-bxa leads to

a).unphysics b).complex numbers c).super numbers d) hyper numbers

Q70). The Principle relating basic world features to our own existenceas observers may be termed as the principle

a) anthropic b)polytropic c)metaphysics d)Advaita

Q71). Asymptotic degree of freedom of quarks means that farther apart they

a). repel b). Attract c). Interfere d). Superimpose

Q72.). The Lotus leaf's effect has ability to stay

a).clean b)cool c).fresh d)shinning

Q73). Biokleen is a sensitizer which isa).volatile b). inorganic c). polymeric d). herbel

Q74 ).Rapidcom an inoculum of bactetia breaks down

a). Polymer b). dust c). cellulose d).flies

Q75) to live longer and think better one should eat

a). cereals b)eggs c). potatoes d)onions

Q76.) Avoid plastic surgery for skin time by eating

a) pumpkin b). eggs c). meat d)chicken

Q77). For absorption of old bone tissue through kidneys consume

a). Vitamine A b). Citric acid c). Vitamin D d). Vitamin E

Q78).Tapioca provides 5241calories as against wheat (2983 and rice2163 as per 1983 cost of

a.).Rs.10 b).Rs.1 c).Rs.2 d).Rs 5

Q79). Plume rise can be calculated as a function of sourcecharacteristics such as exit velocity, meteorological parameters and

a).Buoyancy b).Pressure c).Temperature d). Eddies.

Q80). Turbidity is a measure of total vertically integrated particulate load in
a). ionosphere b). Stratosphere c). Thermosphere d). Atmosphere.

Q81). Angstrom gave an empirical formula between extinctioncoefficient and wavelength Lambda as a=β*λ^ (-α) with α=1.3 but α forIndia is

a).not a constant b). constant c). Varies with β d). Zero

Q82). On August 27th, 2008 Nocturnal clouds were observed by thisauthor at Visakhapatnam at around 6.P.M., which are due to

a). earthquake in NZ b). Cyclone c). Low depression d). A storm

Q83). Calorie required per kg of body weight of an adult male withmoderate physical activity is

a).50 b). 40 c). 100 d.)20

Q84).Net protein utilization ratio from protein derived from an animalsource is 0.8 while for vegetable source it is

a).0.3 b). 0.4 c). 0.5d).0.6

Q85). Virtual or magic mirror of Fraunhofer Tele Comm Ltd H-H Ltdallow you to view image in different dresses/colors within

a).Microsecs b).millisecs c) one second d). One minute

Q86) 6 hrs charging of Lithium ion battery allows the Indica car to run about

a). 8 hrs b).12hrs c). 24hrs d). 2 hrs

Q87). LHC to initiate operation tomorrow, would test how particleacquires mass by being dragged in with a mediator Higgs Boson througha

a).Forward quark field b).Backward space-time c).Tachyon field d).Background field

Q88).VMADS machine provides a gun to emit 95GHz μW i.e. of 3mmwavelength and penetrate at 50 0 C into skin to a depth of

a). 03mmb). 0.5mm c). 0.6 mm d). 1mm

Q89). Thunderbird provided support to RS, Newsgroup and IMAP as a

a). client b). Customer c) transporter d) phishing

Q90). In which Omega-3 fatty acids are available in vegetarian diet

a). ground nuts b). Brazil nuts c). Sunflower seeds d). Flax seeds

Q91). Which Vitamin is not harmful even though its in take is excess
a). Vitamin A b). Vitamin B c). Vitamin C d). Vitamin D

Q92). Efficient exercise to burn fats is

a). anaerobic b).aerobic c).Yoga d). Games

Q93).E Leopold an amateur astronomer used a technique to print hisdrawings known as lithography

a). Photo b). Chemical c) Physical d).Chromo

Q94). String effects on Fermi-Dirac correlation measurements have put asmall source radiifor production of

a). Mesons b). Nucleii c) Baryons d).Hadrons.

Q95).Liquid Helium cooling is required to observe ESR using Co ICerium magnesium nitrate due to rapid relaxation rate of

a).spin-spin interaction b) spin-lattice interaction c).Lattice-orbit interaction d) spin-orbit interaction

Q96.) Stellators are studied because they offer certain prospect of operation by

a).Synchrotron b)AC c)DC d). Cyclotron

Q97).Confined sample of radioactive atoms provides fertile ground for studying

a). Quark Model b) Standard Model c) Atomic Models d). Nuclear Models

Q98). MRFM technique uses RF to irradiate sample and by change of frequency proton polarization can be made to

a).Oscillate b) fluctuate c).vibrate d) rotate.

Q99). MRFM uses to generate 2 or 3D images by moving particles acrosssample so that cantilever vibration can be measured. These particles are

a) Magnetic b). Ferro-magnetic c) Ferroelectric d). Super-conductors. Q100.) Chernobyl No.4 reactor exploded releasing million curies ofradioactivity into atmosphere numbering

a) 200b)300 c)100 d) 400

Q101).Plasticity of nervous system and the extent of its adaptabilityto a different sensory mode which is known as

a) Rearrangement b) redistribution c) reallocation d) redundancy.


Q102 .) Each axon can be as short as a millimeter or as long asa) one foot b) 2m c) One meter d) 5m

Q103.) Action potential is a membrane depolarization that propagates along the axonas a wave

a). Longitudinal b). Transverse c). Stationary d). Travelling

Q104.) Nuclear Astrophysics remains puzzled which nuclei undergo rapidcapture(r-process) of particles

a). Protons b). Neutrons c).Electrons d) mesons

Q105.) CNO process time scale in stellar plasma depends on rate ofreaction N+P--> O+gamma ray, this is limited by Coulomb repulsion between

a) Electrons b) Mesons c). Positive particles d). Neutrons

Q106). Some 75%-95% of a typical engine lubricant is made up of

a). Fatty acid b) Mineral oil c). Palm oil d). Sunflower oil

Q107). Peramma action constant relates to (see the present Blogger posts)

a).Nutrition b).Radio-activity c) Emissions d) Absorption

Q108). Finger print sensor devices has novel cavity structure thatallows detecting mechanicalDeformations related to topography of finger using pixels numbering

a) Mega b) Kilo c) 60000 d) 20000

Q109). Flowing of a Bose-Einstein condensate makes speed of light to change to

a) Greater values b) low velocities c) Tachyon velocity d) zero velocity.

===========================================

Answers Some:

1d 2d 3a 4a 5a 6d 7b 8c 9 c 10c 11d 12d 13d 15c 21a 22a23b 24 b 25c 26b 27c28 b 29 a 30c 31d 32a 33d 34b 35c 36a 38b 39a 40d 41d 42 c 43a 44a 45d46a 47c 48c 49d 50b 51c 52a 53a 54d 55c 56a 57a 58a 59c 60d 61b 62c63c 64c 65d 66c 67a 68d 69c 70a 71b 72 a 73d 76 a 77c 78b 80a 81c82a 83d 84c 85c 86a 88a 90a 91c 92a 93c 94d 95b 96c 97b 98b 99b 100c 101c 102 c 103d 104b 105 c 106b 107 a 108 c 109c

---------------------*****---------------------------------

Some six Questions on Health have been contributed by

shri Gollapudi Ramakrishna ,48-10-34,Srinagar(RTC),

Gollapudi House ,Visakhapatnam.He is a self-centered

person a loner leading a very simple life in a flat with no furniture.

==============================

Friday, August 29, 2008

Does this Demon Take Over Divine

VESRSE LEBRE

I

========================================

Does this Demon

Take over Divine

by

Mrs. A. Savitri M.Phil,

(SG) Lecturerin Physics

Mrs A.V.N. College

Visakhapatnam-530002

sav1955@yahoo.co.in

Tel No.0891-2534954

=========================


I. Oft clumsy, faultering Pauli affirmed: suddenly stubbornly
“Some unknown entities appear
in all Beta Decays, one mustn’t ignore
these Chargeless Massless particles
for so consistent, are these thus needed in all Fissions
as energy balancing requirements
all speeding electrons out of Nucleus
with speeds falling in relativistic realms
are sure to be accompanied by these Ghosts:
ever evading, escaping all detective means.


II. Poor Pauli; a target for fellow Physicists fun
As usual was mocked at and treated like a buffoon
They all said “another book-keeping trick is on”
The father of The Principle of Exclusion
Never minded his friends; bullying
He made his mind, to go on
Come what may: he is not one to give in


III So Fermi came to his rescue on to the scene
With Nuclear Power house; his finest design
To catch this elusive rat, he drew the curtain
“The Neutrino”; fondly called it, its huntman
The word for the little neutral one- in Italian


IV The determined Pauli boldly went on
With a much more stronger assertion
“Nature loves symmetry”: he added
“thus this has its antibody”
when Neutron shoots out of Nucleus
in some cases antineutrinos appear
the spectrum of these minute things
with their presence in all Beta Decays
reveals their unique traits
due to their relativistic speeds


V Classical tools failed to know their ways
our future studies
on these elusory spooks
may pave smoother tracks
who knows whats’ in store in future for us-
the devious routes of these tricky devils
may unravel the secrets of the Universe
might even pull the “Great Creator”
into our physical frames.

==========================================


Mrs Savitri has contributed a lot for the development of Mrs AVNCollege,

guided several student projects, exhibited a FUN CARRIDOR on Physics at

the 150th Year of the College. A firm believer and supporter of

WOMEN in PHYSICS.

=============================================


An exhibit of the FUN CORRIDOR


========================================
your contributions are invited kotcherlakota_l_n@hotmail.com

Friday, August 8, 2008

The Fractal Aurora/Airglow Dance Observation during the Partial Solar Eclipse of 1st Aug 2008 at Visakhapatnam(India)

by Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana
Dated: 1st August 2008
ABSTRACT
The concept and observation by me of Fractal Aurora/Airglow has been presented giving details of the occurrence of partial Solar Eclipse of 1st August 2008 at Visakhaptanm. Schematic diagrams, pictures are given to depict the model and observations made during the period of eclipse from Noon to the Sun set. Categorizations of Airglow/Aurora Borealis and spectral features specific to the 1st August 2008 Solar Eclipse have been explained. Significant findings and conclusions drawn are enumerated. The Heat Islands of Visakhapatnam are very significant for Airglow studies.
Interpretation of Fractal Aurora/Airglow of 1st August 2008 in terms of Julia Set, like that of a necklace, would a simple and easy way to describe the occurrence of the day glow at Visakhapatnam. But the deeper look into at the event would reveal the need of a sophisticated theoretical model to explain the mechanism. The author’s model and views giving these details would be given in a later blogspot post at this site.
Key Words:
Aurora Borealis, Fractal Aurora/Airglow, spectral features, Visakhapatnam pollution, Volcanoes ash, Golden-Yellow Aurora, Suvarna, EUV, X-Ray, UV, Total Solar Eclipse, 1st August 2008
I. Introduction:
In 1937 Stomer [1] gave a theory of aurora borealis. Sun-lit aurora was observed in Norway in the night of March 22-23, 1920. After sunset and before sunrise the aurora rays, have a considerable higher position than in the middle of night. Violet-grey aurora appeared in September 8, 1926. The aurora extended from West horizon to the central North sky and disappeared at around 300-500Kms height. The ionized gas in aurora discharge of the ionosphere is in fact plasma. Plasma spectacular aurora borealis occurs due to energetic electrons etc precipitation to lower ad more dense layers of atmosphere that produce electrical discharges and light.
Sunlit aurora * with unusual color and scintillation occur near the regions where the sun had set suggesting that its positioned in upper atmosphere in full sun shine. Usually red aurora occurs at a height of 100Kms to 500 Kms. Absorption of UV light by ions around 100 to 300Kms makes the atmosphere electrically conducting. Excited molecules emit visible light aurora borealis. The solar-wind stream of photons and electrons compresses geomagnetic field causing fluctuations of strength of geomagnetic field and its configuration. [2].They are operative around 100 to 1000 Kms region very efficiently.
Instabilities of Van Allen radiation belt cause particle drifts and suppression to the lower dense atmosphere. Usually aurora is yellow- green and at considerable heights it is red in color. But at lower heights Orange color predominates. Oxygen red occurs at low pressures while Green atomic Oxygen at lower levels. Molecular Nitrogen produces red shade that extends over lower layers. Aurora spectra colors are a thumbprint of Atom and Molecules responsible for its origin.

Photochemical reactions involving Oxygen and Nitrogen occur at 80 to 110 Kms.The object of the present article is high light the studies made by the author on the aurora spectral display observed on the 1st August 2008 evening between 1.30PM to 7.00PM and especially during the total solar eclipse time of 4.03PM to 6.05PM. The solar eclipse was only partial at Visakhapatnam covering about 20% of the solar disk. An account of the energy transfer and an analysis of the possible flux of transfer events, pressure pulses and the instability features, due to interaction of ionosphere and thermosphere, that have occurred at the time of Total Solar Eclipse have been assessed to gain knowledge on the event of the partial solar eclipse at the coastal city of Andhra Pradesh. At 90km photochemistry is complex due to high pressure that prevails at these heights .Lyman-Alpha ionizes NO concentration of the ions being 1E+08 per cc or less at 70Kms.The EUV ionizes O molecules in the state O2(1Delta g). Hard X-rays 0f 2-8 Angstroms ionize all constituents acting mainly on O2 and N2 Alkali metals provide emission by resonance scattering. Visible at twilight are several atoms and ions of Ca, Li, K, and Na. The gyro-frequencies for electrons and ions W e and W i are respectively 8.5E+06 and 250 rads/sec.

The vertical threshold of magnetic rigidity at latitude around 17 0 sets the energy of probable impinging particles, from the sky is about 12.46 Giga Volts. Solar UV radiation heats up the atmosphere in 15 to 80Kms height. Upwelling motion (Hardley Circulation) and coldest tropopause temperature are very significant. NO 2 content is 125% more in the evening times than in the morning (5E+14 cm-3). Land surface processes influence tropical aerosols up to 13Kms. At stratospheric altitudes >17Km, volcanoes eruptions are important.



The Visakhapatnam sky is fully loaded with Volcanoes gases and submicroscopic particles of Volcanoes ash, which would perhaps reside in the atmosphere over years of time. They concentrate over 17Kms to 30Kms at a peak of 23-25Kms for months. Multiple scattering events do take place due to sunlit radiations.
II. Aerosols:
Pollution due to aerosols and role of particulate matter in atmosphere has been studied by Noble and Prather [3] in 1998. I state that during the time of Total Solar Eclipse aerosols and particulate matter of the terrestrial atmosphere near the coastal region of Visakhaptnam has considerably modified. Solar Cosmic Rays [3] on neutral atmosphere produce N+2, O+2, and electrons also protons (10 to 100MeV) and Alpha particles. Positive ions are abundant near the equator. The acidic molecules play a role in the heights between 32 and 43 Kms. [4]

The environment pollution of terrestrial atmosphere is by metallic objects and burnt ashes of space vehicles, debris of these vehicles and their exhaust gases, Nuclear Powered planetary flights residuals, gas emissions from global mega industries, human population waste material vapors and thrown away chemicals, mega transport and oil tanker movements and other Nuclear & warfare fire powder emissions. Plasma Space ionosphere conditions have totally changed due to recent earthquakes and volcanic events.
III.Airglow:**
K.V.Narasinga Rao et al [5] studied airglow interactions with microwave radiation [see at this blogspot article posted dated: 23rd July 2008 by the present author]. Airglow is by emission of photons produced in recombination of ionized and dissociated atmospheric particles by UV light absorption[6].Yellow light is due to Sodium Doublet 5890/96 Angstroms and Red doublet 6300/6364 Angstroms at 200-300Kms height and the Green line 5577 Angstroms airglow is by excited Oxygen atoms. These occur at middle latitudes and Upper atmosphere. Emission processes are resonance scattering, fluorescence, chemical association ionic reactions, photo-electron transfer and excitation species transfer. Transfer from vibrationally excited N2, O2, and OH is possible.
IV. Observations made by the author on 1st August 2008:
The partial eclipse started at 4.03PM and reached its peak around 5.10PM.

Fig.1a) gives the vintage point chosen, on the top of a hillock, to view the partial Solar Eclipse. The sun set path indicated by a dashed line connecting the centers of the shifting disk of Sun, from 4:40PM to 6.30PM.
Fig.1b) This diagram gives view of the Fractal Aurora/Airglow of Golden-Yellow color, as observed by the present author between 5.10PM to almost 5.25PM. Dancing Fractal Aurora/Airglow was an unforgettable & an enchanting experience.
Fig.2 presents a schematic Diagram of the observed partial Eclipse depicting the way in which Moon was obstructing the line sight of the sun. The Fractal Aurora/Airglow is definitely due to a transient effect from the sun on the Lunar edge. Of course, when the scale diagram, is drawn one would note, the sun affecting the entire far side of the Moon surface. The cones of transients, which affect the terrestrial atmosphere and the Lunar surface edge, by the solar eclipse, are shown.

See Fig 1(a) & Fig 1. (b) For the observed Golden Yellow Aurora display ***, that occurred for about 15 minutes. The onset of eclipse effect was actually felt around 1.30PM ,since the sun-light was suddenly bright and temperature were a bit high by about 3 to 4 0 C. The brightness and warm weather [7] lasted up to 5.30PM and around 3.30PM to 4.30PM, the warm breeze was gently blowing across from West to East. The Golden –Yellow reflection from leaves of the big trees could be easily spotted by 2.30PM.At 5.30PM the Blue and Red scattering of clouds increased and again around 5.40PM the bright whitish-golden glow combined with at lower levels an Orange color, was observed over the clouds.

The distant clouds offered spectacular observation of golden lit and grayish-blue flows, similar to that of volcanoes lava flows. The scenario of these river flows of magnificent colors over the clouds gave a panoramic view that lasted till the sunset around 7.00PM. The sun was very intense around 6.05PM and at 6.30PM sunset was unusually dark red in color. At 6.00PM in Vizag the Sun had a reddish glow ring around it with a bright white front view. The Hyderabad atmosphere was slightly different and hence at 6.00PM sun showed Orange, Red, Yellow and front Green colors.



V. Findings and Conclusions:

1). The observation revealed the amazing fractal aurora appearance of Golden-yellow color at the time of peak solar eclipse time. Interpretation of Fractal Aurora/Airglow of 1st August 2008 in terms of Julia Set, like that of a necklace, would a simple and easy way to describe the occurrence of the day glow at Visakhapatnam. But the deeper look into at the event would reveal the need of a sophisticated theoretical model to explain the mechanism. The author’s model and views giving these details would be given in a later blogspot post at this site. This aurora existed for about 15 minutes; its estimated extent was about 300Kms at a height of 110Kms. sporadic enhancement of the Lithium lines are known in the day glow, though the mechanism is unknown. The Na day glow shows a peak around noon time.
2). the resonance absorption enhancement may be one of the mechanisms responsible for the aurora spectra of the Golden-Yellow color. Details of this would be published later.
3).Lunar dust See Fig.2 has definitely been carried by the radiation and deflected by the solar wind streams to the terrestrial magnetosphere regions.
4). The effect of lunar dust fine particulate matter persisted on the terrestrial atmosphere until Sunday evening up to 7.30PM
5). The Volcanoes eruptions that occurred in Indonesia, Andaman & Nicobar Islands have polluted the terrestrial atmosphere at the altitude of 17 to 30Kms.
6). The thermal changes observed are due to the channeled flow of EUV, UV and X-radiations from the sun during the Total Solar Eclipse hours. The eclipse passed over Arctic Canada, Greenland, Western Siberia, Mongolia and China.
The Fig.1 (a) and (b) indicate the simple geometrical orientations of the Sun-Moon at the time of eclipse. The orientation was found to be surprisingly poignant for the observation of the Aurora/Airglow effects.
7). Monday 4th August 2008 night sky was remarkably clear with a faint translucent layer that made almost innumerable stars visible at Visakhapatnam around 9.00PM.
8).On 5th August 2008 Jupiter (in Sagittarius), Deneb, Altair and Vega stars formed a nice parallelogram. The day was very sunny and the night sky was quite clear to view the stars.
9). The Heat Islands [7] of Visakhapatnam identified by Dr. Suhasini Kotcherlakota are very significant for Airglow studies.
10).The Lunar far side and its rim have provided, a dark purple colored metallic rock targets, for transients and solar fast electrons bombardment to produce Lyman-a ,UV and bremmstrahlung X–rays (<10>

VI.ACKNOWLEDGMENT:
The author wishes to express his gratitude to Late Professor K.Rangdhama Rao D.Sc. (Madras). D.Sc. (London), who has inspired and gave constant encouragement. He is also indebted to late Professor Kai Siegbhan, FYSIKUM, University of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, for the grant of Academic stay in Sweden, under SAEA, UNESCO and IAEA fellowship during the years 1964-1965. He is also grateful to many a Swedish people and staff for their help. Author’s special thanks are to Professor. B.Edlen at University of Lund, Lund, Sweden.
VII. REFERENCES:
1. Carl Stomer, Nature, Dt.3rd April 1937, p.5842.
2. a).A.S.Roger ,British Antarctic Survey,UK “Solar wind data shows very significant variations in velocity, density and magnetic field orientation on a time-scale of a minute or less” NOAA Solar Terrestrial Prediction Vol.1,Oct 16-20,p.183 (1990)
b). A Hedberg and H.Derblom, Uppsala Div.of SISP, S-75591, Uppsala, Sweden (NOAA),
Solar Terrestrial Prediction Vol.1, Oct 16-20, p.313 (1990) “Regarding E-propagation on the path Kiruna-Stockholm (1000Kms)”
3 a).Baker D.N et al NASA Pub.1120, Washington D.C (1984)
Solar Terrestrial Prediction Vol.1, Oct 16-20, p.26 (1990)
b). C.Noble and K.Prather, Physics World. Vol.11, No.1, Jan p.39-43 (1998)
4. Science Focus, PRL, Ahmedabad, Vol.5, No.2, Oct.p.70-87, (1994)
5. Dr. K.V.Narasinga Rao, 1. Billerica Rd, Bedford (Mass), USA attended a plasma conference in 1964 that was held at FYSIKUM, University of Uppsala, and Uppsala, Sweden. He has observed during his visit the aurora borealis in Sweden.
6. K.Rangadhama Rao D.Sc. (Madras) D.Sc. (London) and Theses work submitted under his guidance: He developed a UV-Tube for pioneering work on Series Spectral Lines of Alkali Metals and other Atoms and Ions. He also used the Green Light excitation to determine the exact and accurate spectral wavelengths. Most of these studies made by him in India and London were of great relevance to the aurora mechanisms. Dr.K. Rangadhama Rao witnessed the aurora borealis in Sweden while he was at Fysikum, Univ.of Uppsala, Uppsala, Sweden, with Professor Manne Siegbhan. He also worked at Paschen Berlin Labs of Physics. His colleagues, in Sweden were Dr. B. Edlen and Dr. Mack. (Later at Wisconsin University)
7. Regarding Visakhapatnam reference may be made to Dr. K. P. K Suhasini M.Sc. (Project) entitled “Environmental problems and Disaster management” Dated: 22nd April 2000, for the Department of Environmental Studies, Andhra University, Visakhapatnam-530002. She asserts “Its natural local climate owes its origin to the peculiar topography---grown into an ugly urban agglomeration-----“.She gave about Heat Islands, the remarks (1). Sirpur concrete structure of surface coverage with asphalt (2) Population density maintains steep thermal gradients (3) are complicated zones with multiple cores corresponding to the nature and distribution of city structures (4). More basic work is needed in Urban Meteorology.
Dr.Suhasini Kotcherlakota M. S (UNK) Doctoral Dissertation “A test of Strategies for Enhanced learning of descriptive Chemistry” awarded by Dean Prem S. Paul, on 5th may 2007, 9:30 O’clock, Lincoln, Nebraska. Advisor Professor David W. Brooks, http://dwb2.unl.edu/apchem/main.html/.
* Author of this article witnessed the aurora borealis while on a flight from Kastrup Airport to Amsterdam, during 20.00 to 21.55 hrs, on the 3rd Monday of May 1965.
** Airglow covers several latitudes and is generally unstructured. A unit of Measure is 1R=1E+06 photons/sq.cm/sec. It is energized by steady solar UV and X-ray emissions. Aurora is a high latitude phenomenon energized by charged particles, in upper atmosphere during solar and geophysical disturbances. It is a structured in both Space and Time but has a vivid variety of displays.
*** Rig-Veda and ancient Indian Scriptures have hymns giving details of SUVARNA (golden) rays of the Sun. According to Astro-panchang of India the eclipse to view is not inauspicious since it is also being viewed by Mercury and Venus planets, especially to those born in the Leo or Simha rasi(Zodiac sign) Eclipse occurred in Pushya Rasi i.e. Cancer and dangerous to view for the people born in this nakshtra!!


This photo shows The Lucia Day at FYSIKUM, University of Uppsala, with the local Orchestra Group. The author was a revere International Fellow invited on that Day. Dr.K.L.Narayana stayed at Granitvagen 4B Apt, in Uppsala during August 1964 to June 1965.



The author had the privilege to meet the Physics Nobel Prize winners in Physics at FYSIKUM, Uppsala, in the second week of December 1964.This photo shows Dr.Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana discussing with Professor Dr. Charles Towens [double prize winner of both the Nobel Prize (Sweden) and the Templeton Prize (USA)]


The picture shows author at Netherlands Sea Port on May 4th, 1965

Tuesday, July 22, 2008

The Riemann Curvature Vein of Gravitational Soliton Sensor & Gravior (Spin-2 Quanta) Quadrupole Excitations

By
Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana

http://trusciencetrutechnology.blogspot.com/
Dated: 23rd July 2008 at 11.30AM

keywords: Gravior, Gravitational Wave,Gravitational Soliton,
Balanced Pounding Bar detector, After-Glow,Coronal region, small signal technique,Cavitons,Quadrupole excitations, Quantum Gravity,Anttenas
Summary
The Gravitational Soliton excitation of a two-mass system of a Balanced Pounding Bar (BPB) sensor partially immersed in a liquid medium is investigated.The Gravitational Wave (G-Wave) energy translated in terms of Soliton excitation of a surface wave that would eventually dislodge,the BPB to have a free-fall has been analysed explicitly.The involved details of amplitude frequencies and other physical quantities are presented.The Lagrangian and the Equations of Motion were se up.The expression for semi-axes cone angle q subtended by the central point with the bottom circumference of the Bar has been derived.The Equation for the angle q of the BPB sensor, incorporates features of Quadrupole (Spin-2) excitations and as well the surface tension contribution to the normal mode of vibrations of the system.The two modes of vibrations(one with and other without contribution of surface tension of liquid) are found to determine the possible excitation Energy range of the system.The absorption magnitude and the cross-section of translation of G-Wave into the surface Solitary Wave excitation has been detailed out.
The free-fall is visualized by the "Gravior " Quadrupole excitation levels of BPB sensor, essentailly as a conversion of Solitary Energy to the Gravior Quantum system of Quadrupole excitations. Gravior Quanta are also Spin-2 entities and may be considered as akin to Gravitons (or like the phonons of the solid state lattice vibrations). A significant finding is that free-fall could be interpreted from a possible sequence of Gravior Quadrupole Excitation levels..The BPB sensor has been studied, by the author, to have the patent rights reserved to himself, for an advanced technological sensor based on the ideas and concepts outlined and detailed in the present model and its formulation.


I. Introduction

a) G-Waves:

Gravitational Waves (G-Waves) are thought to be small ripples moving along the space-time world lines but with the understanding that it is not possible to distinguish which parts of the space-time curvature sustain ripples and which constitute the universe at large space-time structure. [1]. Waves from a supernovae explosion in Virgo Cluster of galaxies yields about 4x1038 erg/cm2/ Hz in about 0.3 seconds or 2E-03 seconds. But Supermassive objects can give out ~1E+41 to 1E+56 erg/sec with a flux at earth as 1E-03 to 1E+12 erg/sec cm2. The out put power in thee form of G-Waves is 1E+30 to 1E+32 ergs/sec and flux at earth is ~ 1E-10 to 1E-12erg/sec/cm2.{Ref 1 Box 36.3}. Einstein asserted that at infinitesimally small levels the metric components and gravitational perturbation propagate with the same velocity as light.It is the object of present article by me, to separate out the several effects,to a reasonable extent,to get a clear picture of G-Waves and pave the way for a Quantum Gravity Theory.


(b)Mechanism:

The mechanism of the generation of G-waves lies in its quadrupole nature. Power output factors differ between Electromagnetism and the Gravitational contributions. The later involves a 1/5th factor as contrasted of 1/20th factor suggested by Electromagnetism.The G-waves reaching earth originate from a dynamic and deformed systems, such as gravitationally collapsing entities,Black Holes, Supernovae and Pulsars. In a pulsar phase, gravitational radiation is important only when the star is deformed from axial symmetry. The deformation that involves only 1000th part of star mass could radiate 10E+13 ergs/ sec, may be the youngest pulsar of a crab nebula.
A significant point to be noted is that the off-axis directional magnetic moments beam out radio waves, light and X-ray that NASA and Japanese have extensively investigated as pulsar waves. G-waves from massive have a frequency 3000Hz and last for about 1/3 second. Impulse events, such as bursts of radiation entitled have been listed in Box 76.2 of MTW book on Gravitation [1].

They suggest to investigate bursts of waves from debris falling into a black hole, collisions between two black Holes, and supernovae explosions. The typical Binary Stars h-Cas,x -Boo, Sirius, Fu-46 produce a flux at earth 1.4x10E-29,6.7x10E-28,1.3x10E-24 and 7x10E-26erg/cm2/sec .Neutron stars and Black Holes of radii 10kms could produce a flux at earth of order of magnitude 2.7x1012 erg/cm2/sec[4].


c). Cosmic Rays:

It has been realized that in the source of gravitational waves, the gravitational effects are tightly interwoven with the local hydrodynamic and local plasma physics. Pulsating radio sources of pulsar can be produce cosmic rays. The total energy involved in solar flare emission is of the order 10E+31ergs in cosmic rays and 10E+27ergs in Type IV radio bursts coming out from a small area of 1E+19 cm2. The flare generates about 1E+31 or 1E+32ergs in duration of time of 103 and 104 seconds. The mechanism suggested is the annihilation of magnetic field energy density (which is high near sun spots) into kinetic energy. The fields are as high as 2k to 3k Gauss over area of several million square Kms. The current required to produce a field of say 3k Gauss in a large sun spot comes to something like 1012 Amperes over an area of several million kilometers.

The microwave background at earth is received from all directions with nearly same temperature about 2.7 0K and about 4E-34 gm/cm3. It's presumed to be isotropic. Gravitons and neutrinos have their temperatures red shifted in accordance with the law T ~ 1/r expansion of the Riemann Tensor and consequently today their temperature should be roughly 30K.

Cosmic rays observation by Hess and Kolhorolen (1911-1913) provide that the energy density in interstellar space as about 1.0eV/cm3 or 1E-12erg/ cm3.This is within the range of energy of a star light, or a cloud of ionized interstellar gas.O.Klein and H.Alfven [5] hierarchic cosmology of matter in an asymptotically flat space-time is not consistent with the cosmic ray observations.V.F.Hess observed cosmic rays flying in a gondola balloon in Austria on August 17th, 1912 and found them to increase in intensity above the surface of earth. There exists small difference in fractional abundances of different elements in cosmic rays and the universe. The sources of these rays have been thought to contain Carbon, Silicon or Iron. These and otter primary cosmic ray particles, have energies of 1E+09eV to 1E+20eV.

With consideration of universal Microwave background the energy range extends from 1E-07 eV to 1E+20 eV. The study also indicated that power law having a negative exponent, ascertains the decrease of flux with increasing energy of the particle. The three energy intervals found are 1E+10 eV to 1E+16 eV. In the low energy region Sun plays a dominant role. The Sun is also known to emit during some solar flare events charged particles in this low energy range. These are known as Solar Cosmic rays and are found to be anisotropic. It’s also found that an Astrophysical 1E+10 eV (10GeV) electron could by interaction with weak magnetic field ~ 10 -6 Gauss of Galaxy can give rise to a photon of 1E -07 eV (g=12.4m. Electron of 1 GeV energy emit radio waves with wavelength of 300m to 3 cm. Crab Nebula in blue continuum
light show that 102 to 103 GeV electrons would be harmonized and they might be existing there.G-ray and X-ray photons are much more directly associated with radio-sources (synchrotron). X-ray Sun with thermal plasma >= 1E+06 0K gives an output energy of 1E+23 ergs/sec.

The magnetic fields of solar system cannot contain or confine particles with energy in excess of 1E+03 GeV/nucleon. Supernovae explosion produce 1E+49 to 1E+52 ergs in about 50 years time and thus supply 1E+40 to 1E+43 ergs/sec.It’s very interesting that even to-date certain occult philosophers in India, continue to practice the observation of what they term as cosmic flow of light during the wee hours of early mornings. They claim that they observe about seven different kinds of flows, but some occultists claim that they observe only about four of them. Question remains thus why only Microwave background of the Big Bang was observed?

II.Plasma Solitons:

Interaction of EM waves in gaseous plasmas immersed in magnetic fields was the subject of experimental observations by Rao et al [5]. After a pulsed hot gas discharge akin to magneto plasma of afterglow, due to self-modulation, the energy state of the gaseous plasma changes. Each wave packet propagates in slightly different plasma than the previous one Rao et al[5]. Momentum transfer collision between light and heavy constituents of plasma, in certain conditions, hinders energy transfer. The energy of particle in this situation grows in between collisions. During after glow of the beam-treated plasma, this modulation of plasma density exists in the form of density wells and bunches. Rao et al [5] have given
details of how the EM energy is transferred into kinetic energy of a charged constituent of plasma confinement gets altered, with concomitant collision frequency changes. The wave bunches propagate along the magnetic field without spreading. Width of individual pulse comprises the wave packet. Non-linear wave packets due to cross-modulation Rao et al[5] propagation speeds depend on their amplitudes.In a stable equilibrium set between the effects of non-linearity and dispersion and during that phase a part of initial disturbance is converted into escaping soliton. Wave packets could convert to the stable soliton state with increasing amplitude and decreasing size just when the packet size exceeds the Debye radius.The cavitons found by Rao et.al.[5]have a size of the order of several Debye radii.The life time of sustenance of cavitons has been reported as much more than the collapse time of a Longmuir effect. The plasma density oscillations with the cavitons,of course, has been found to go with the double or multiple excitation frequencies of EM waves. Discrete character of the small signal amplitudes realized in the experiments performed by Rao et al[5] is finer than the conventional spectroscopy spectra of scattered EM waves, especially in the regions where the cavitons exist. The EM wave treated plasma during the afterglow led to observation of plasma density cavitons and bunches, which correlate with the bunches of KVNRao et al[5]. These bunches can travel considerable distances along the magnetic field without spreading. It is this feature that suggests the soliton formations.

Energy characteristic of gravitational soliton produced in a solar disturbed condition (not necessarily near a sun spot) I found it to be of the order of 0.286J. The angular frequency involved has the range from 39.51rad/s to about 55.882rad/sec. The two masses involved are m1=M (39)=0.39Kg and m2=M(55)= 0.195Kg.


III.Gravitational Plasma:

Chandrasekhar thought of a gravitational force separates the light and heavy charged constituents of a star coronal region. But the contention of the present author is that these separations become oscillatory and produce in turn a gravitational soliton. This idea is the spinal concept of the new formulation and model given in the present article. The EM soliton energy gets absorbed in the generation of gravitational solitons.


IV. DETECTORS:

Joseph Weber [7] gave the limit of Cosmic flux of G-Waves as <>2/sec/Hz at frequency 3.1 E-04 Hz. Dyson[8] stated that an elastic solid to have a response amplitude 2E-17 cm which is too small relative to seismic noise. The fundamental quadrupole modes of earth and Moon are found to be 54m and 15 m respectively. The Earth-Moon system separation as a G-Wave detector gives the limit of mass of G-Wave as <10e-13>3 . Weber used Al bar of 153cms length and diameter 66cm and weight 1.4E+06g, suspended by a wire and decoupled totally from its surroundings effects. He found that 1660Hz could be excited due to G-Waves.
Douglass[9] by a vibrating bar detector of arbitrary shape sought to have a range of fundamental frequencies that could be excited by G-Waves. Waves from Pulsars and from SuperNovae in other galaxies, were thought to become well registered with advent of new detectors. Waves from a massive star collapse suggested to be detectable, with sensors to gauze changes in vibration amplitudes of
order <= 1E-15cm in the time scale of 0.1 to 0.3 secs.G-Waves interact not only with matter but also with EM waves etc and so devices are suggested to exploit these interactions. In 1986 Weber[7] gave an article on gravitational antennas and search for gravitational radiation. Identification of gravitational radiation in terms of G-Waves seems to be a theme of research to provide vital information about the Universe. Dynamic space-time curvature measurement is sought to give development of antennas for Einstein’s G-Wave detection. People have accepted the curvature of space-time as the geometrical machinery behind the gravitation phenomenon. . A simple xx component of tide producing acceleration is given by


Rx0x0 =w2= 4*p*r/3

with
w as the angular velocity of a moving particle, r being the density of planet. This formula implies the need of
two masses to measure a reasonable local affect of gravitation. The non-local physics is determined by the generation of gravitational field that could be obtained by solving the Einstein’s equations.


V.BPB Sensor:

The ancient Indians believed that a simple apparatus can be used to detect the gravitational impact during the period of an off-set of solar eclipse. The experimental set up they have used consisted of balancing a pounding bar (BPB) of length about 1.8m and diameter of 5 cm, which was made to stand erect in a bucket full of water.The free fall of the bar ,due toan impact of the gravitational affect of the Sun,following the off-set of Solar Total eclipse, was considered as an indication of the influence of the Sun’s power(Shakti).


This simple experiment,of course, is akin to the two-masses vibratory detector responding to linearly polarized G-Wave, but differs from what are termed as Weber Bar detectors. Various Types of mechanical detectors have been reviewed by MTW[1] who assert the role of concept of cross-section in the flux utilization of G-Wave energy by the detector.


An overview of detectors for which concept of cross-section is useless have been given by Press and Thorne[10].Bandwidth Press and Thorne[10].Bandwidth of antenna and coupling of antenna to the displacement sensor and noise considerations have been emphasized in the futuristic detector/sensor scenario for detecting and monitoring the G-Waves.
It is a more of thoughtful exercise by the present author to see how bandwidth concept can be neatly incorporated in the detailed analysis
of the free-fall of pounding bar sensor used by the ancient Indian astro-panchang pundits.

VI.The BPB Sensor Details:

See the Fig.1 and Fig.2 for the details of the “Balanced Pounding Bar" Sensor. The distance above the surface of the water is decided by the buoyancy and gravity forces balancing the pounding bar in the bucket of water. The BPB sensor differs from Weber bar in the sense that we have two different mass entities involved. The BPB could be thought to akin to alight structure with lumped masses, but important difference is that we have a G-Wave impact that knocks of the sensor to have a free fall. The Bar is not bound rigid to the bottom surface of the bucket of water, but is maintained just balanced. This is ingenuity of the ancient BPB sensor used by the astro-panchang pundits. The two degrees of freedom of BPB system is visualized by the author. The restoring forces of the two masses m1 and m2 differ since the m2 mass is a result of immersion in water. The Lagrangian has been constructed and the equation of motion for the semi-apex cone angle of the BPB sensor has been obtained.
(See Fig.1 and Fig.2 for details).The distances r1 and r2 that depict the horizontal natural vibration are sufficient to formulate the Lagrangian of the BPB sensor and derive an equation for the semi-apex cone angle. The radius r of the bar is 0.025m.

In this method of analysis of BPB sensor an advantage is gained by involving the water surface (along with its surface tension properties) to be subjected to a solitary wave absorption and concomitant excitation. A LASER experimental technique may be a simple way to asses the extent of depths and heights involved of the solitary wave excitation. But analytical approach seems to be more sound and useful to determine the characteristic features of the BPB sensor.






VII. GRAVITATIONAL RADIUS OF BPB Sensor:

Sensor usefulness is its cross-section for absorbing G-Wave energy. The steady-state solution of the Equation of Motion of the sensor gives an expression for j (refer Fig.2).Note that we use b for the projection of Quadrupole [11] semi-major axis on the sensor’s axis.

The driving force, of course, since Spin-2 nature of G-Waves[1] entity (1/2)*w2*A0 represents the tidal acceleration quantity i.e. related to the Riemann Curvature Components, produced by the Soliton Wave. The gravitational radius of BPB sensor is 2*M=4.6Kg * 0.74E-28 cm/g=1.702E-25 cm which is three order’s of magnitude less than that of a Weber bar detector.

Wavelength of resonance radiation is 4.8E05 Km. i.e. about 0.07*Rs, where Rs is the Sun radius. This is very interesting and significant finding unlike only 200Km for a Weber Bar detector. This is seven orders of magnitude lesser than of a Weber Bar ratio. The Q value is 39.51 that give the fraction of the energy dissipated per radian of oscillation. I expect the soliton impact would resonate with the BPB sensor device which I term as G-sharp resonance. (Soldiers marching over a suspended bridge is another example of a sharp resonance.) Conversion to Quadrupole excitation makes it resemble a flat resonance.


VIII.Quadrupole Excitations:

The obtained body Quadrupole moment for the excitation is found to be 0.315 m2. Conversion of gravitational soliton surface disturbance to a gravitational Quadrupole excitation is the main concept of the phenomenon that I proposed in this article. The incoming incident flux TGW is found to be 0.02J/cm2/sec. I am happy to state that the amplitude of driving force of the conversion is of magnitude A0=113.6 which is a constant, for the said experimental set up. But with w2=55.9 rad/sec A0=80.33.Technically speaking in terms of the two modes of vibrations of the BPB sensor the magnitudes of the Quadrupole moments are 0.123 Kg. m2 and 0.061 Kg. m2.

Quadrupole gravitational excitation define here as “trace-free part of the second moment of the mass distribution of BPB sensor” (See Ref[1] page 977) with a distinction of it being specified in terms of the ellipsoid of the semi-major (a) and semi-minor (b=c) axes. (Refer the Fig.1)

Ambiguity in the notation has been avoided adopting the analogy off investigations made earlier by the author [11].
It is well known that deformation of the Sun, i.e. Solar Oblateness or Quadrupole Moment causes shift in perihelion of Mercury and the dimensionless parameter is J2. For Sun it is <= 3E-05 as per 1972 experiments. IX.GRAVIOR:


The energy packets that constitute the Soliton get involved succinctly in a Quadrupole mode of excitation, obviously it differs from a fluid model,
in the sense that the former has about 1000 times more energy than the later. This is indeed, a feature of the present theory that soliton interaction would lead to a Quadrupole excitation that dislodges the buoyant balanced system of the pounding bar in the water filled bucket.

The release of some Graviors of Spin-2 of excitation energy, in quantum units (n+5/2)*h/ (2*p)
*wgr with integral n could be a feasible proposition. This idea triggers several alternate theories and options of understanding the Quadrupole Gravitational Excitations.h/ (2*p) *wgr defines a uniform spacing of the Quadrupole excitations. And so essentially quantum field theory has been found out in this formulation. The order of magnitude of h/ (2*p) *wgr is derived using the normal mode of vibrations of BPB sensor to be in the range 4.2E-33 to about
5.9E-33 ergs. The number of Graviors involved is from 4.9E+31 to about 6.9E+31 depending on the normal mode of vibration of the BPB sensor.




X. CONCLUSION:

The theory proposed here envisages that cross-section plays an important role in the sense that the amplitude of gravitational force gets modified as the inverse square of the normal mode of vibration of BPB sensor.This would off-set all Newtonian gravitational effects and results a free-fall of the Pounding bar. Thus incoming flux as felt in terms of the curvature of the space-time has something to do with the square of the normal modes of vibrations of the system.Sensor absorbs energy from the G-Wave which in turn is essentially determined by the product of amplitude square times the cross-section offered by the BPB sensor. So the theory is strong in the sense that the incoming flux of G-Waves as sensed by the BPB sensor is solely due to the square of the amplitude of G-Wave.The range of natural mode of vibrations of BPB sensor hence sets the limit for the Quadrupole excitation of Graviors, by virtue of absorbed energy and curvature of space-time in a free-fall situation.

The free-fall is visualized by the Gravior Quadrupole excitation levels of BPB sensor essentially as a conversion of Solitary wave energy to the Gravior Quantum system of Quadrupole excitations.
BR>



Fig.3 Professor Kotcherlakota lakshmi Narayana in the center with some foreign delegates at a Conference held in nagpur University during the 1980s






XI. ACKNOWLEDGMENT:


The author is deeply indebted to Late Prof. K. Rangadhama Rao D.Sc.(Madras) D.Sc.(London) for selecting him to join the CSIR Scheme N0.44 entitled” Nuclear Quadrupole Moments” at JVD College of Science & Technology, Andhra University, Waltair (See Ref 12) as a Junior Research Fellow( during the years 1961-1964) at his laboratories. The author also expresses his gratitude to him for the inspiration and constant guidance provided.





Fig.4 K.Rangadhama Rao C.S.I.R Scheme (1960-1972) presentation


















XII. REFERENCES:
[1].
(a)Charles W. Misner, Kip. S. Thorne, John Archibald Wheeler, Book “Gravitation”,
W.H.Freeman Company, San Franscisco, chap.35-38 and pages. 990,1004,1047.(1973)
(b).See Also Ref [5] given below: "Discovery stellar core collapse events using Satellite-born RF detectors, (Type II core stellar collapse )"
Astrophysics Space Science Vol.314, p.275-279 (2008)
MEMP =1E+43 ergs during the time of 2mS
at l= 100KHz Antenna of about 1 meter Intensity at distance pof R=1light Year (ly) is L=500/(R*R)W/m2. Sensitivity of Antenna 7E-17 W/m2 with R=2.69E+09 ly.
(c). Solar system Radio Astronomy Ed.J. J.Aarans, Plenum Press (1965)
[2].
a)H.Ogelman, J.R.Wayland, NASA, SP-199, Washington DC. 1969
b)The Polar Aurora by Stormer Oxford Press Ltd (1955)
c)SS Degaonkar book “Space Science and Earth Environment” Gujarat University, Ahemadabad, 1975 and D.Lal, Space ScienceRev.Vol.14, p.3 (1972)
d).DJMullan "Cosmic Ray Energy from Flare Stars",Ap.J. Vol.234.p.585-596(1979)
e) Cosmic Rays by A.M. Hillas, Pergamon Press, (1972).
[3] a) N.L.Kotcherlakota,”A new formulation on the nature and origin of TypeII Radio Bursts and categorization”
WISTEX-90 Session CS-a-II, p.16, Centaur Air Port Hotel, Mumbai, 6th Feb1990
b). K.L.Narayana,” Buti et al Vs Narayana Models: Fine structure of Type IV Solar Flares and Cometay Plasmas.” Physics Colloquium Lecture, Solar Terrestrial Environment laboratory, Toyokawa, 3-13, Honohara, Nagoya University, Aichi 442 Japan Dated 20th August 1990.
c) Kotcherlakota .L.N. “A New Non-Linear Plasma Large Amplitude Wave Equation and
Study of Atmospheric Plasma Disturbances” Paper No.AS02 36th Annual ISTAM Cong. Sess.IIT, Bombay. Dt.22-12-1991
d). Kotcherlakota L.N. “On waves and Plasma in the environments of Comets “
5th Asia Pacific Conf. Aug 10-15th, 1992, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
e). Kotcherlakota L.N.,”On the time profiles of Solar Radio Bursts of the “SPIKE” type”, 5th Asia Pacific Conf. Aug 10-15th, 1992, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
This paper adopted Plasma Wave described by soliton-like terms
arcSech (-T/td) *arcCosh (t/td)
where T, t and td are duration of soliton-like profile, time variable and the damping constant.
The later is characterizes the collisions.
(g). Rajaraman.R,Solitons and Instantons,North-Holland Pub,Amsterdam (1989).
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Proc. of 4th Asia Pacific Conference,Seoul, Korea p.801-804, Aug 13-17th,1990.
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[13] Occultists: The author had a very brief talk, during Oct 1975, with one late “Rasa Swamy”(Samadhi now in Divi Place of Godavari river) who
was an expert on Himalayas Medicinal Plants and who told me that he visited Germany 22 times to work with some firms. He was also an expert in
solidifying metals like mercury using some juices of plant materials, but I was at that time was not interested. The other living occultists whom the
author had a privilege to meet, in Yr.2004 is Dr. Cherravoori Sri Rama Sarma of Gauthami Vidhya peetam, Rajahmundry,Phone.08832460148 and
his son Ch.K.Padmanabham, their ideas to establish a research centre on occult science was in vain to-date.