Nov. 01, 2023: men belonging to the Iron Age lived here, Southern peninsular India sees sixth driest October in 123 years, Hot Springs At Dhekale: A Lesser Known Place That Is Believed To Treat Skin Conditions. They found that muons wobbled noticeably faster than Standard Model predictions, suggesting unknown particles may be appearing in the muon’s quantum cloud. they have not identified exactly what the dark matter is, Lodhra Trees Known For Their Medicinal Benefits, Why 40 Workers Are Still Trapped Inside After 120 Hours, Scientists discovered a field of deep-sea hot springs. IIT-Ropar researchers discover rare metal in Sutlej, OneWeb's commercial satellite broadband services in India, Amaterasu Ōmikami, the goddess of the sun and the universe in Japanese mythology,

                  trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com

                     Volume 2023, Issue No.11, Nov. 01-30, 2023 Time: 07:43AM

              Professor Dr. Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana.
      M.Sc. (Math. Phys.), M.Sc. (Nucl. Phys.), Ph D. (AU), Int. Edu & Res. (Sweden 1964-65)

While returning from Sweden, in 1964-65, spent a few days in England, Paris, Egypt, Czechoslovakia etc. countries, Visited USA about 12 Universities, several National Laboratories and Institutes for four months Sept.to December 1988, courtesy by my sister Dr. Rama Leela, and in 1989 visited Japan for about TEN days, and South Korea Conf. in Physics for a week in 1989. Undertook several trips in India to educate the Shivaji University, Kolhapur M.Sc. Physics students across India during 1966 to 1985; [Retd. on 2000 July 31, Prof of Physics, Shivaji University, Kolhapur - 416004]. Present Address: 17-11-10, Narasimha Ashram, Official Colony, Maharanipeta.P.O., Visakhapatnam-530002, AP. Cell:09491902867. kotcherlakota_l_n@hotmail.com, lakshminarayana.kotcherlakota@gmail.com, DOB:23-07-1940, evening between 6 and 6:01 PM. My father Prof. K. R. Rao D.Sc. (Madras) D.Sc. (London) recorded it since his own birth time in the morning was not recorded in 1899 or so.

ABSTRACT

Uttarkashi Tunnel Collapse: Why 41 Workers Are Still Trapped Inside After 120 Hours Have Passed.  Scientists discovered a field of deep-sea hot springs. IIT-Ropar researchers discover rare metal in Sutlej,  OneWeb's commercial satellite broadband services in India, Amaterasu Ōmikami, the goddess of the sun and the universe in Japanese mythology,

===================================================================

Nov. 15, 2023: They found that muons wobbled noticeably faster than Standard Model predictions, suggesting unknown particles may be appearing in the muon’s quantum cloud.

Nov. 16, 2023: they have not identified exactly what the dark matter is.

Nov. 01, 2023: Widespread rain in Thanjavur district on Sunday night came as an aid for farmers starting samba cultivation using energised pump sets. In the 24-hour period that ended at 8.30 am on Monday, all 21 rain gauge stations in Thanjavur district recorded rainfall, with Kurungulam recording the highest (47mm).

Nov. 01, 2023: In Tamil Nadu's Velleri, Ring Wells Dating Back To Iron Age Unearthed. 43m. News18 English  • “People lived in this area in the third century. They have buried many wells in the area for water use. There are many findings which point out that men belonging to the Iron Age lived here,” he said.

Nov. 01, 2023:Tamil Nadu's Vedaranyam farmers pin hope on short duration crops. 1d. Farmers here have started sowing medium- and short-term varieties of samba and thaladi crops, pinning their hope on the northeast monsoon, which has picked up pace over the last couple of days in Vedaranyam. In Vedaranyam block, majority of areas does not have access to Cauvery water and farmers are dependent on rainfall.

Nov. 01, 2023: Southern peninsular India sees sixth driest October in 123 years, gets 60% less rainfall. Anjali Marar  •22h. This region – comprising Kerala, Mahe, south interior Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Karaikal, Puducherry, coastal Andhra Pradesh, Yanam and Rayalaseema – received only 74.9mm of rain in October, which was over 60 per cent below normal.

Nov. 01, 2023: Immigrants are leaving Canada at faster pace. 7h. The rate of immigrants leaving the country, or onward migration, has been steadily increasing since the 1980s and is rising among recent cohorts, suggesting newcomers “may not be seeing the benefits of moving to Canada.”

Nov. 01, 2023: President Droupadi Murmu sacks Army Major over security protocol breach. 11h. while he was posted with the tri-service Strategic Forces Command, which handles the country's nuclear arsenal, in north India last year. The order for the Major's termination with immediate effect was signed by the President recently after a probe found that he was involved in several lapses that compromised national security. 

Nov. 01, 2023: Andhra Pradesh Formation Day: How Potti Sreeramulu's Fast Unto Death Led To Formation Of State. ABP News Bureau  • 23h. Andhra Pradesh Formation Day is celebrated on November 1 every year to commemorate the day when the state was formed and reflect on the history and journey of the state. Andhra Pradesh Formation Day gives people an opportunity to celebrate their cultural heritage and traditions. Sreeramulu is revered in the Andhra region as 'Amarajeevi' or immortal being for his struggle for the Andhra cause and is also called as the 'founding father' of Andhra Pradesh. 

Nov. 01, 2023: China, Japan coast guards face off again near disputed islands in East China Sea. Reuters  • 2h. Wednesday, with both countries saying they deployed patrol ships to urge the other side to leave the territory.The disputed islands, called Diaoyu in China and Senkaku in Japan, are claimed by both countries. 

Nov. 01, 2023: This Chhattisgarh Village is Living in Darkness Since Independence. Can Upcoming Polls Illuminate the Future? Arunima  •7h. Gajendra Padami, whose brother — the only graduate in the village — is the pride of the area, said they have never seen electricity in the 76 years since India became independent. "We have written to local officials a number of times but to no avail. Earlier, Naxals would come to this village but now, after a security camp opened up, they have stopped coming. Maybe now the government will listen to our pleas," Padami said. 

 

Mehrgarh: One of the Oldest Cities in the Indus Valley

The oldest civilization in the Indus Valley stretching back 9000 years, Mehrgarh gives us a glimpse into our mysterious past.

Oct 28, 2023 • By Greg Beyer, BA History and Linguistics, Diploma in Journalism

The Indus Valley and the surrounding area that today covers parts of Pakistan and northwest India have long been known to hold many secrets of ancient human civilization. Deep into the past, cities rose and fell for thousands of years, emerging as influential centers and disappearing to remain enigmas for archeologists to uncover.  Located west of the Indus River near the Bolan Pass in Balochistan, Pakistan is the archeological site of one of the most mysterious ancient cities. It is here, 9,000 years ago, that the ancient city of Mehrgarh was founded. Hidden for millennia, the secrets are slowly being revealed, answering the questions of who these people were, what they built, and what their culture was like.   Discovery of Mehrgarh. 

Mudbrick houses in Mehrgarh, via CNBC

Archeological discoveries throughout the 20th century in Pakistan proved that the whole region was home to some of the world’s oldest civilizations and an extremely important center of human development for thousands of years. The site of Mehrgarh was discovered in 1974 by a French archeological mission led by husband-and-wife pair Catherine and Jean-François Jarrige. The initial excavation period lasted from 1974 to 1986, when the site was excavated extensively and continuously. The site was revisited from 1997 to 2000 when excavations yielded more secrets of the city of Mehrgarh.  The site consists of six mounds spread over an area of 495 acres (374 football fields, or 200 kilometers2) in which a total of 32,000 artifacts have been discovered. In the site’s northeast corner are the remains of a small farming village dated to be 9,000 to 7,500 years old, making it the oldest evidence of human settlement in the entire Indus region and one of the oldest in the world.

Where Did the Mehrgarhans Come From? (& Where Did They Go?)

An aerial view of the Mehrgarh archeological site, via ThoughtCo

It is difficult to say with any certainty the events that happened 9,000 years ago regarding a people who did not yet have a writing system. Archeological finds provide clues, but no concrete evidence is available. Thus, various theories exist about the origin of the people who founded Mehrgarh. Studies of wheat varieties show that wheat in the Indus Valley likely originated from the Middle East, and based on this evidence, it is theorized by many academics that the Indus Valley civilizations originated from people who migrated into the Indus Valley from the west, becoming an offshoot of the Middle Eastern Bronze Age civilization. Thus, it is argued that Mehrgarh was founded by the first wave of immigrants. This theory is contested by the man who led the excavations. Jean-François Jarrige argues that early Mehrgarhan archeological evidence differs enough from late Indus Valley settlements to indicate that Mehrgarh has a unique local origin not connected to the Middle East. Mehrgahr was inhabited for many thousands of years, and genetic evidence suggests that the original ethnic group that founded the site was displaced during the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Chalcolithic periods. The direct descendants of the original inhabitants can be found south and east of Mehrgarh around the western edge of the Deccan Plateau in the northwest of India. 

The Eras of Settlement

Mehrgarh was characterized by the production of many thousands of small clay figurines, via Barneby’s

What is known as the Mehrgarh I period extends back to at least 7000 BCE and lasts until around 5500 BCE. This was when farming was first practiced in the area. Wheat and barley were the main crops, while sheep, goats, and cattle were also farmed, with water buffalo and elephants being domesticated. Dates and jujubes were also cultivated. This early culture did not make use of pottery but did use unbaked clay to build their structures. The bricks were mortared and cigar-shaped, and the residential structures were rectangular buildings with multiple rooms. Instead of pots, baskets were covered in bitumen to make them waterproof.  

A statuette from Mehrgarh dated around 4,700 years ago, via Aloha Antiquités 

Evidence of burial sites suggests that the culture might have been patriarchal, with more luxury goods being buried with men than with women. Ornaments such as stone and bone tools, baskets, beads, bangles, and pendants made from a variety of substances such as sea shells, lapis lazuli, turquoise, limestone, and sandstone have been found, with some of the dead being buried alongside animal sacrifices. Most of the dead were buried in small brick-lined tombs, and there were individual burials as well as mass burials. The bodies in mass graves were buried in a flexed position, and there seems to be a focus on burying the bodies oriented in an east-to-west position. Bones of children were also found in urns. 

Figurines dating from around 4800 BCE to 4500 BCE (Mehrgarh III), via Zacke

In 2001, an examination of the teeth of several of the men buried at Mehrgarh displayed signs of primitive dental work where drilling had been done on molars. This is the oldest evidence of dentistry in human civilization and dates from 7,000 to 9,000 years ago. From 5500 BCE (Mehrgarh II), signs of pottery work began to emerge. Through the centuries to the Mehrgarh III period (4800 BCE–3500 BCE), pottery-making techniques became more advanced and complex. Simple terracotta figurines that were identified with Mehrgarh I evolved to become more intricate. They were painted, and a diverse array of hairstyles are apparent. The female figurines generally have large, pronounced breasts, and many of the figurines incorporate anthropomorphic designs. Until 4000 BCE, all the figures that were created depicted females, and it is plausible that the Mehrgarhans practiced a form of mother-goddess worship. Decoration on pots also became more intricate, with designs being painted onto them with the addition of high-quality glazing techniques.  

The spoked-wheel amulet found at Mehrgarh that was created using the lost-wax technique and was dated to around 6000 BCE, via harappa.com.  Merhgahr II also shows the first instances of metalwork with the discovery of a copper ring and a bead. There is distinct evidence that in the third period, copper smelting became widespread with various forms of kilns making an appearance, although the first evidence of copper being smelted dates all the way back to 6000 BCE with the discovery of a small spoked wheel amulet that was created using the lost-wax technique. This predates the first evidence of copper smelting in Europe by several hundred years.  

Pottery from the later eras of Merhgarh, via LotSearch

From around 5000 BCE, trade also increased with settlements and cities from the Badakhshan region, most of which is located in present-day northeastern Afghanistan. By the 4th millennium BCE, settlements bloomed in the surrounding areas, offering many trading opportunities. This period also saw advances in building techniques. Clay bricks were made in molds, and the foundations of buildings were improved by incorporating pebble aggregate into a clay medium. The Decline of Mehrgarh

Poorly preserved structures at Mehrgarh highlight the need for better attempts at preservation, via Muhammad Akb Notezai / Dawn

Mehrgarh: One of the Oldest Cities in the Indus Valley. The oldest civilization in the Indus Valley stretching back 9000 years, Mehrgarh gives us a glimpse into our mysterious past.

Oct 28, 2023 • By Greg Beyer, BA History and Linguistics, Diploma in Journalism

The Indus Valley and the surrounding area that today covers parts of Pakistan and northwest India have long been known to hold many secrets of ancient human civilization. Deep into the past, cities rose and fell for thousands of years, emerging as influential centers and disappearing to remain enigmas for archeologists to uncover. Located west of the Indus River near the Bolan Pass in Balochistan, Pakistan is the archeological site of one of the most mysterious ancient cities. It is here, 9,000 years ago, that the ancient city of Mehrgarh was founded. Hidden for millennia, the secrets are slowly being revealed, answering the questions of who these people were, what they built, and what their culture was like. Discovery of Mehrgarh. 

Mudbrick houses in Mehrgarh, via CNBC

Archeological discoveries throughout the 20th century in Pakistan proved that the whole region was home to some of the world’s oldest civilizations and an extremely important center of human development for thousands of years. The site of Mehrgarh was discovered in 1974 by a French archeological mission led by husband-and-wife pair Catherine and Jean-François Jarrige.  The initial excavation period lasted from 1974 to 1986, when the site was excavated extensively and continuously. The site was revisited from 1997 to 2000 when excavations yielded more secrets of the city of Mehrgarh. The site consists of six mounds spread over an area of 495 acres (374 football fields, or 200 kilometers2) in which a total of 32,000 artifacts have been discovered. In the site’s northeast corner are the remains of a small farming village dated to be 9,000 to 7,500 years old, making it the oldest evidence of human settlement in the entire Indus region and one of the oldest in the world.   

Where Did the Mehrgarhans Come From? (& Where Did They Go?)

An aerial view of the Mehrgarh archeological site, via ThoughtCo. 

It is difficult to say with any certainty the events that happened 9,000 years ago regarding a people who did not yet have a writing system. Archeological finds provide clues, but no concrete evidence is available. Thus, various theories exist about the origin of the people who founded Mehrgarh. Studies of wheat varieties show that wheat in the Indus Valley likely originated from the Middle East, and based on this evidence, it is theorized by many academics that the Indus Valley civilizations originated from people who migrated into the Indus Valley from the west, becoming an offshoot of the Middle Eastern Bronze Age civilization. Thus, it is argued that Mehrgarh was founded by the first wave of immigrants. This theory is contested by the man who led the excavations.  Jean-François Jarrige argues that early Mehrgarhan archeological evidence differs enough from late Indus Valley settlements to indicate that Mehrgarh has a unique local origin not connected to the Middle East. Mehrgahr was inhabited for many thousands of years, and genetic evidence suggests that the original ethnic group that founded the site was displaced during the end of the Neolithic and the beginning of the Chalcolithic periods. The direct descendants of the original inhabitants can be found south and east of Mehrgarh around the western edge of the Deccan Plateau in the northwest of India.

The Eras of Settlement

Mehrgarh was characterized by the production of many thousands of small clay figurines, via Barneby’s.

What is known as the Mehrgarh I period extends back to at least 7000 BCE and lasts until around 5500 BCE. This was when farming was first practiced in the area. Wheat and barley were the main crops, while sheep, goats, and cattle were also farmed, with water buffalo and elephants being domesticated. Dates and jujubes were also cultivated. This early culture did not make use of pottery but did use unbaked clay to build their structures. The bricks were mortared and cigar-shaped, and the residential structures were rectangular buildings with multiple rooms. Instead of pots, baskets were covered in bitumen to make them waterproof. 

A statuette from Mehrgarh dated around 4,700 years ago, via Aloha Antiquités.

Evidence of burial sites suggests that the culture might have been patriarchal, with more luxury goods being buried with men than with women. Ornaments such as stone and bone tools, baskets, beads, bangles, and pendants made from a variety of substances such as sea shells, lapis lazuli, turquoise, limestone, and sandstone have been found, with some of the dead being buried alongside animal sacrifices. Most of the dead were buried in small brick-lined tombs, and there were individual burials as well as mass burials. The bodies in mass graves were buried in a flexed position, and there seems to be a focus on burying the bodies oriented in an east-to-west position. Bones of children were also found in urns. 

Figurines dating from around 4800 BCE to 4500 BCE (Mehrgarh III), via Zacke. 

In 2001, an examination of the teeth of several of the men buried at Mehrgarh displayed signs of primitive dental work where drilling had been done on molars. This is the oldest evidence of dentistry in human civilization and dates from 7,000 to 9,000 years ago.From 5500 BCE (Mehrgarh II), signs of pottery work began to emerge. Through the centuries to the Mehrgarh III period (4800 BCE–3500 BCE), pottery-making techniques became more advanced and complex. Simple terracotta figurines that were identified with Mehrgarh I evolved to become more intricate. They were painted, and a diverse array of hairstyles are apparent. The female figurines generally have large, pronounced breasts, and many of the figurines incorporate anthropomorphic designs. Until 4000 BCE, all the figures that were created depicted females, and it is plausible that the Mehrgarhans practiced a form of mother-goddess worship. Decoration on pots also became more intricate, with designs being painted onto them with the addition of high-quality glazing techniques. 

The spoked-wheel amulet found at Mehrgarh that was created using the lost-wax technique and was dated to around 6000 BCE, via harappa.com. 

Merhgahr II also shows the first instances of metalwork with the discovery of a copper ring and a bead. There is distinct evidence that in the third period, copper smelting became widespread with various forms of kilns making an appearance, although the first evidence of copper being smelted dates all the way back to 6000 BCE with the discovery of a small spoked wheel amulet that was created using the lost-wax technique. This predates the first evidence of copper smelting in Europe by several hundred years. 

Pottery from the later eras of Merhgarh, via LotSearch

From around 5000 BCE, trade also increased with settlements and cities from the Badakhshan region, most of which is located in present-day northeastern Afghanistan. By the 4th millennium BCE, settlements bloomed in the surrounding areas, offering many trading opportunities. This period also saw advances in building techniques. Clay bricks were made in molds, and the foundations of buildings were improved by incorporating pebble aggregate into a clay medium. 

The Decline of Mehrgarh

Poorly preserved structures at Mehrgarh highlight the need for better attempts at preservation, via Muhammad Akbar Notezai / Dawn

By the end of the 4th millennium BCE, the settlement had split into several smaller settlements of compact buildings. From around 2600 BCE to 2000 BCE, the settlement was abandoned. During this period, several other towns and cities in the area offered better prospects, including safety in the form of fortifications. This was the era of the high points of many other civilizations, including Harappa, Mohenjo-Daro, and Kot DijiIt. It is likely the last residents of Mehrgarh left their homes and resettled in the fortified town of Nausharo, which was just five miles away.