ARTICLE 5
trusciencetrutechnolgy@blogspot.com, Vol.2009-2010, Issue No.8, Dt.20th August 2009, The 70th Birth Day Volume of Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana
THE INDIRECT USES OF SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOSYNTHESIS AS AN ENERGY SOURCE*
By
Kavalipati Narayana Rao,
Grade II: Gazetted: Head Master, Zilla Parishad High School, GOTTAPALLI, Anadapuram Mandal, Visakhapatnam-5300017: Mobile: 9299958919
key words:70th Birth Day Volume ,photosynthesis, multiple cropping,efficiency,indirect solar energy sources
INTRODUCTION:
The one renewable energy source on which mankind has relied since the discovery of fire is PHOTOSYNTHESIS. The term photosynthesis is usually applied to the synthesis of organic matter by Plants using light energy. The process is also called “carbon assimilation”. This process replenishes the reservoir of oxygen in the atmosphere and stores the energy of Sun Light to support the life activities of organism.
MAGNITUDE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Photosynthesis is a unique biological process confined to green plants and Algae, a few protists and bacteria. Although these organisms form only a part of the biosphere, the sheer magnitude of photosynthetic process, on a worldwide basis, is quite enormous. According to one estimate, there are at least 1.E+10 tons of Carbon fixing organism per year on land and 2 to 4E+10 tons of Carbon fixing organisms in the oceans. An amount of Oxygen equivalent to that present in Earth’s entire atmosphere is produced by Photosynthesis every two years.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EFFICIENCY:
In recent years, it has been discovered that plants utilise three biochemical systems to convert Sunlight to Chemical; Energy. All higher plant species utilise a biochemical system for the capture of light by Chlorophyll and transfer energy to stable chemical compounds.In some speicies, however,CO2 is reduced to form a three carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate) and the biochemical system done is referred to as the C 3 for photosynthesis. The sequence was traced by Melvin Calvin and his associates.
Other species that are especially adapted to high temperatures fix CO2 to form a four-carbon compound (Oxalo-acetate) and referred as C 4 system are capable of high rates of CO2 fixation and are generally more tolerant of high temperatures than C 3 plants. They do poorly at cool temperatures. Hatch and Slack traced the sequence of reactions in C 4 pathway.
Many species native to deserts, have evolved a third system for fixing CO2 at night, known as Crassulacean Acid Mechanism (C A M) from the fact that the system was discovered and studied in the Crassulaceae family. The advantage of the system C A M plants can keep their stomata close during day time, periods of high temperatures, and thereby drastically reduce their water loss. Therefore they are particularly well adapted to arid climates.
The system requires a large acid storage capacity and all C A M plants have a large, fleshy, photosynthetic organs. An understanding of a species’ photosynthetic system can be helpful in evaluating whether it should be used in a particular cropping situation or not.
Only a few of the world’s plant species have been characterised as to their photosynthetic systems, however, and more work in characterisation is needed.
LIST OF SOME COMMON C3 C 4 and CAM PLANTS
Typical C 3 Plants
Malvin Calvin
1. Oryza Sativall (rice)
2. Triticum aestivum L (wheat)
3. Aeachis hypogeao L peanuts
Typical C 4 Plants
Hatch & Stack
1.Sorghum vulgarepers
2.Saccharum officinarum(sugar Cane)
3.Zea mays Maize
4.Amarnathus
5.Tribulus
6.Euphoria hinta
Typical CAM Plants
1.Agaveamericana L (century plant)
2.Aloe Sp. Moncots
3.Opuntia euphoria tirucalli
4.Dicotes
MULTIPLE CROPPING AND INTER CROPPING:
Because species differ in their reaction to light, temperature, and water storage, the highest yearly production in many climates will be obtained from a combination of species to adjust and confirm to seasonal variations of weather.. These involves for example, multiple cropping and inter cropping i.e. later-maturing crops planted with early maturing crops so that the former will have a substantial start when the later are harvested.
SOME REMARKS:
The choice of food and fibre plants to be grown is usually governed by tradition, which in turn is usually based on generations of experience with local environmental conditions. A careful assessment of fundamental aspects such as water supply, temperature, light intensity and nutrient supply, should be made if maximum capture and storage of solar energy by plants is to be included among the goals of agriculture.
REFERENCES:
1.Energy for rural development published by National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C
2.Biology by Sri M. S. Sankaran ,Hindu College, Delhi
3.A text book of Botany, Vignan Publishers, Guntur
•Presented on the occasion of an “Interactive Seminar” held by Sri Chaitanya Educational Institution, at their Residential Boys Hall, Gopalapatnam, Visakhapatnam, on the 8th February 2004.
trusciencetrutechnolgy@blogspot.com, Vol.2009-2010, Issue No.8, Dt.20th August 2009, The 70th Birth Day Volume of Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana
THE INDIRECT USES OF SOLAR ENERGY - PHOTOSYNTHESIS AS AN ENERGY SOURCE*
By
Kavalipati Narayana Rao,
Grade II: Gazetted: Head Master, Zilla Parishad High School, GOTTAPALLI, Anadapuram Mandal, Visakhapatnam-5300017: Mobile: 9299958919
key words:70th Birth Day Volume ,photosynthesis, multiple cropping,efficiency,indirect solar energy sources
INTRODUCTION:
The one renewable energy source on which mankind has relied since the discovery of fire is PHOTOSYNTHESIS. The term photosynthesis is usually applied to the synthesis of organic matter by Plants using light energy. The process is also called “carbon assimilation”. This process replenishes the reservoir of oxygen in the atmosphere and stores the energy of Sun Light to support the life activities of organism.
MAGNITUDE OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS:
Photosynthesis is a unique biological process confined to green plants and Algae, a few protists and bacteria. Although these organisms form only a part of the biosphere, the sheer magnitude of photosynthetic process, on a worldwide basis, is quite enormous. According to one estimate, there are at least 1.E+10 tons of Carbon fixing organism per year on land and 2 to 4E+10 tons of Carbon fixing organisms in the oceans. An amount of Oxygen equivalent to that present in Earth’s entire atmosphere is produced by Photosynthesis every two years.
PHOTOSYNTHESIS EFFICIENCY:
In recent years, it has been discovered that plants utilise three biochemical systems to convert Sunlight to Chemical; Energy. All higher plant species utilise a biochemical system for the capture of light by Chlorophyll and transfer energy to stable chemical compounds.In some speicies, however,CO2 is reduced to form a three carbon compound (3-phosphoglycerate) and the biochemical system done is referred to as the C 3 for photosynthesis. The sequence was traced by Melvin Calvin and his associates.
Other species that are especially adapted to high temperatures fix CO2 to form a four-carbon compound (Oxalo-acetate) and referred as C 4 system are capable of high rates of CO2 fixation and are generally more tolerant of high temperatures than C 3 plants. They do poorly at cool temperatures. Hatch and Slack traced the sequence of reactions in C 4 pathway.
Many species native to deserts, have evolved a third system for fixing CO2 at night, known as Crassulacean Acid Mechanism (C A M) from the fact that the system was discovered and studied in the Crassulaceae family. The advantage of the system C A M plants can keep their stomata close during day time, periods of high temperatures, and thereby drastically reduce their water loss. Therefore they are particularly well adapted to arid climates.
The system requires a large acid storage capacity and all C A M plants have a large, fleshy, photosynthetic organs. An understanding of a species’ photosynthetic system can be helpful in evaluating whether it should be used in a particular cropping situation or not.
Only a few of the world’s plant species have been characterised as to their photosynthetic systems, however, and more work in characterisation is needed.
LIST OF SOME COMMON C3 C 4 and CAM PLANTS
Typical C 3 Plants
Malvin Calvin
1. Oryza Sativall (rice)
2. Triticum aestivum L (wheat)
3. Aeachis hypogeao L peanuts
Typical C 4 Plants
Hatch & Stack
1.Sorghum vulgarepers
2.Saccharum officinarum(sugar Cane)
3.Zea mays Maize
4.Amarnathus
5.Tribulus
6.Euphoria hinta
Typical CAM Plants
1.Agaveamericana L (century plant)
2.Aloe Sp. Moncots
3.Opuntia euphoria tirucalli
4.Dicotes
MULTIPLE CROPPING AND INTER CROPPING:
Because species differ in their reaction to light, temperature, and water storage, the highest yearly production in many climates will be obtained from a combination of species to adjust and confirm to seasonal variations of weather.. These involves for example, multiple cropping and inter cropping i.e. later-maturing crops planted with early maturing crops so that the former will have a substantial start when the later are harvested.
SOME REMARKS:
The choice of food and fibre plants to be grown is usually governed by tradition, which in turn is usually based on generations of experience with local environmental conditions. A careful assessment of fundamental aspects such as water supply, temperature, light intensity and nutrient supply, should be made if maximum capture and storage of solar energy by plants is to be included among the goals of agriculture.
REFERENCES:
1.Energy for rural development published by National Academy of Sciences, Washington D.C
2.Biology by Sri M. S. Sankaran ,Hindu College, Delhi
3.A text book of Botany, Vignan Publishers, Guntur
•Presented on the occasion of an “Interactive Seminar” held by Sri Chaitanya Educational Institution, at their Residential Boys Hall, Gopalapatnam, Visakhapatnam, on the 8th February 2004.
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