Volume 2013 Issue No.7, Dt. 26 July 2013 Time: 12h34m. P. M.
Possible New Group of LU8 for Dark Matter
and The Elementary Particle interactions
by
Professor Dr
Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana,
{Retd. Prof.of
Physics, SU, Kolhapur} 17-11-10, Narasimha Ashram,
Official Colony,
Maharanipeta.P.O. Visakhapatnam -530002,
Mobile No.
9491902867 & 9542717723
Key Words: LU8 Group, Dark Matter, Current Expressions, Observation
of Dark Energy, Dark Matter, Higgs Field inventive thought, Dark Plasma,
Quintessence, Andromeda Galaxy Dark Matter Gravitational effects, Visakhapatnam
event of Dark Matter observation, newer
Dark elements.
ABSTRACT
The group LU8 has been
vividly analyzed with the object of relating it to the known conventional
Elementary Particles, with positive quantities
Z, Y,
I0, I+, S-, u +, B1, I+ b, S- b, u+
b, J+, v +, B2, J+
b, v + b, S+, S+ b, w
+, B3, w + b, B4, L1, I+ l, u
+ l, I01, I02,
Z’, Y’, B, I+’,
u +’, L2, J+ l, v +’, S+l,
L3, w + l, S+’, w +’, L4 to form the group, as with the corresponding
negative numbers, not listed. We derived just six quantum numbers I0
, Z , Y
, Z’
, Y’,
and B=0 to describe the various possible configurations of the LU8 symmetry.
The current expression specifically for α=1 and β=2 we get for
lv
μ) 21 = LƗ2λ
γμ Lλ 1 - LƗλ
1 γμ L2
λ . I specifically state that one should imagine that Z’,
Y’
essentially describe the Dark Matter multiplet associated with the normal LU8
particles.
Several current expressions are given.
In the flash lightning at Visakhapatnam photographed on luckily
by the author, July 15th, 2011, followed by a mild earthquake in that region of observation supports the idea
that they could be colliding particles of Dark Matter. Visakhapatnam City observation by the
author of a DARK Matter Event is really surprising.
2013 Nobel Prize award is controversial in the sense that the
Higgs Boson, though a particle of certain mass of 125GeV, is apparently
consistent to the theory of Einstein that the mass less particles move with
speed of light but, interaction seems as the mechanism of mass acquisition by
particles. Higgs field seems to be an inventive thought.[Ref. No.29]
A new theory of Dark Energy and
Matter, under LU8 symmetry group theory, is presented.
INTRODUCTION
A set of operators introduced to define the
new group LU8 with about 64 generators of continuous transformations. The aμ
and aƗμ (where the symbol “l” stands for
the Hermitian conjugation) be the creation and annihilation operators for a
particle in a quantum state.
Here
μ varies over eight suffixes from 1 to 8 respectively not summed over.
Surprisingly, the I0, Z, Y are the three quantum numbers of
the upper matrix while the I01, I02, Z’,
Y’, and B are the five quantum
numbers of the lower triangular matrix.
The Group Formation
Under the group LU8, I define
Lβα=
[L11 L21 L31 L41
L51 L61 L71 L81;
L12 L22 L32 L42
L52 L62 L72 L82;
L13 L23 L33 L43
L53 L63 L73 L83;
L14 L24 L34 L44
L54 L64 L74 L84;
L15 L25 L35 L45
L55 L65 L75 L85;
L16 L26 L36 L46
L56 L66 L76 L86;
L17 L27 L37 L47
L57 L67 L77 L87;
L18 L28 L38 L48
L58 L68 L78 L88]
--------------(1)
with the terms as
define 1/4*( a1*a1 Ɨ + a2*a2 Ɨ + a3*a3
Ɨ - a4* a4 Ɨ) =B,
L11=1/2*(z+y) + I0; L21 =I+; L31 =S-; L41 = u +; L51 =B1; L61 =I+
b; L71 =S-
b; L81 =u+
b; L12=I-;
L22=1/2*(z+y)-I0; L32=J+; L42=
v +; L52
= I-b; L62
=B2; L72 =J+
b;L82= v + b; L13=S+; L23=J-; L33=-y; L43= w +; L53=S+
b; L63 =J-
b; L73=B3; L83= w +
b;L14= u - ; L24= v -; L34=
w -; L44=-z; L54= u -
b; L64 = v
- b; L74=
w - b; L84= B4;L15= L1; L25= I+l;
L35=S-
l; L45= u + l; L55=(1/6)*(5*I01-I02+(z’+y’)-B); L65 =I+’; L75
=S-‘; L85
= u +’; L16 = I- l; L26=L2;
L36=J+ l; L46=v+
l ; L56=I-‘; L66=(1/6)*(-I01+5*I02+(z’+y’)-B);
L76=J+’ ;
L86 = v +’; L17=
S+l; L27=J- l; L37=L3; L47= w + l; L57=S+’; L67=J-‘; L77=
-y’; L87= w +’;L18=
u -l; L28=
v -l; L38=
w - l; L48=L4; L58=
u -‘; L68= v -‘; L78= w-‘; L88=-z’;
--------------------------(2)
Here
z, y, I0, I+,
S-, u +, B1, I+ b, S- b, u+
b, J+, v +, B2, J+
b, v + b, S+,
w +,
S+ b, B3, w + b,
B4, L1, I+l, u + l, I01, I02, z’, y’, B, I+’, u +’, L2,
J+ l, v +’, S+l, L3, w
+ l, S+’, w +’,
L4 ------------------------------------(3)
are the generally positive quantities and with the associated negative entities would form
the complete set of quantum numbers of the LU8 group.
THE CURRENT EXPRESSION
We adopt the conventional current expressions as
lv μ)
βα = L’βλ γμ Lλ
α - L’λ α γμ
Lβ λ -------------------------(4)
where L’ implies an adjoint operator of L exclusively.
Expanding we obtain for
the specific cases the expressions as given below: Specifically for α=1 and β=2 we get for
lv μ) 21 = L’2λ γμ Lλ
1 - L’λ 1 γμ
L2 λ
= (L’21 γμ L1 1 + L’22 γμ γμ L2 1
+ L’23 γμ L3 1 +
L’24 γμ L4 1 + L’25 γμ L5 1 + L’26 γμ L6 1 + L’27
γμ L7 1 +
L’28 γμ L8 1) -
(L’1 1 γμ L2 1 + L’2 1 γμ L2 2 + L’3 1 γμ L2 3 + L’4 1 γμ L2 4 +
L’5 1 γμ L2 5 + L’6 1 γμ L2 6 + L’7 1 γμ L2 7 + L’8 1 γμ L2 8 )
= ( (I’+ γμ (1/2*(Z+Y)-I0) +
(1/2*(Z’+Y’) - I’0) γμ I
+ + J-’ γμ S- + v’- γμ u + ) +
( I’b- γμ L1
+ L’2 γμ
I+
b + J’- l γμ S- b + v’– l γμ u+ b
) -
( (
(1/2*(Z’+Y’’)+I’0)
γμ I+ +
I’+ γμ
(1/2*(Z+Y)-I0)
+ S’-
γμ J- + u’+ γμ
v - )
+ (
B1’
γμ I+l + I’+ b γμ L2 + S’- b γμ J- l + u’+ b γμ v –l ) --------------(5)
Several current quantities exist,
such as exist
lv μ) 31 , lv
μ) 41
, lv μ) 51 , lv μ) 61
, lv μ) 71
, lv μ) 81
and
lv μ) 32 , lv
μ) 42
, lv μ) 52 , lv μ) 62
, lv μ) 72
, lv μ) 82 ,
lv μ) 43 , lv
μ) 53 ,
lv μ) 63 , lv μ) 73
, lv μ) 83 ;
etc.-------------(6)
It is convenient to just consider the LU4
part of the LU8 expressions. A simplified expression for the LU4 part is given
by
= (L’21 γμ L1 1 + L’22 γμ L2 1 + L’23 γμ L3 1 + L’24 γμ L4 1) - (L’1 1 γμ L2 1 + L’2 1 γμ L2 2 + L’3 1 γμ L2 3 + L’4 1 γμ L2 4 )
Note the other part LU4 of LU8 is given by
(L’25 γμ L5 1 + L’26 γμ L6 1 + L’27
γμ L7 1 + L’28 γμ L8 1) -
(L’5 1 γμ L2 5 + L’6 1 γμ L2 6 + L’7 1 γμ L2 7 + L’8 1 γμ L2 8 )
The difference being in the associated quantum numbers,
for example L55 is given
by
L55 = (1/6)*(5*I01
- I02 + (z’+y’) - B)-----------------(7)
We have the following quantum numbers pattern
(unlike the conventional SU(8) symmetry)
I0 z
y
and I01 I02
z’ y’
B --------------------------(8)
which are reduced to just six stated above.
SU(8) symmetry
An expression for the B may be obtained in comparison with
the
SU(8) symmetry as
B= 4*λ24/3√10
+ 2*λ35/√15 + 3*λ48/√21 - 3*λ63/√28----------------(9)
where λ’s are the conventional
SU(8) symmetry quantum numbers. (See my publication of ARTICLE 13 Ref.1 given below). The expressions given here for the different entities differ from those
that defined by Behram Kursunoglu, 1964 [Ref.2].
Annihilation and
Creation Operators
Use { ½*(z+y) +I0 I+ S- u+ | B1 I+b S-b u+b ;
I- ½*(z+y) - I0 J+
v+ | I-b B2 J+b v+b ;
S+ J- -y ω+ | S+b J-b B3 ω+b ;
u- v- ω-
-z | u-b v-b ω-b B4 ;
-------------------------------------|---------------------------
L1 I+l S-l u+l | L55 I+’ S-‘ u+’ ;
I- L2 J+l v+l | I-’ L66 J+’ v+’ ;
S+l J-l L3 ω+l |
S+‘ J-‘ -y’ ω+’ ;
u- l v- l ω-l L4 | u-‘
v-‘ ω-‘ -z’ }-------------(10)
Here we have ,
L55=(1/6)*(5*I01-I02+(z’+y’)-B)=a5*a5Ɨ;
L66=(1/6)*(-I01+5*I02+(z’+y’)-B)=a6*a6Ɨ;--------------------------(11)
A new approach by the author on 28
April 1979
[Ref: 1, 13, 12 and14 listed below]
a*I0” = - [ λ35/
√ 15 + λ48 / √21
+ (4/5) * + λ48 / √21 + (4/5) * λ63/√28];--(12)
Uses the approximation
a*I0”= -[ I0’ +1/6*
(y’+z’)]= -[1/15 + 2/24]= a*(1/10) ----------------(13)
which yields a=-3/2 and quantum
condition
[a*I”0+
I0’ +1/6*(y’+z’)]=0 -------------------(14)
yields
4*a*I0”=-
4*[ I0’ +1/6* (y’+z’)] -----------------------(15)
Hence the fifth diagonal
element termed as
D55=1/6*(y’+z’)- 4* a*I0”
+ I0’ = [I0’+
1/6*(y’+ z’)] + 4*[ I0’+ 1/6*(y’+ z’)]
=5* I0’ + 5/6 * (y’+ z’) --------------------(16)
D55- D66= 2*
I0’ + 2/3 * (y’+ z’) ---------------------(17)
and D11- D22= 2* I0 ;------------------------------(18)
It yields
D11= ½*(y+z)+I0 ; D22= ½*(y+z)-I0
; D33=-y; D44=-z; -------------------------(19)
D55= 5/6* (y’+z’)+ 5*I’0 = 5*{ λ35/
√15 +
λ48/√21 + λ63/√28);--------(20)
D66= 1/6* (y’+z’)- 5*I’0 ---------------------(21)
D77= - y’; D88= -z’;--------------------------------(22)
D55= 1/6*(y’+z’) – 4* I0”
*a + I0’;-------------------(23)
Actually we have
y= ( 2/√3) * λ8 – λ15/ √6 – a* λ24/√10 -
λ35/ √15 - λ48/√21 - λ63/√28;-----(24)
z= 3/ √6* λ15 - a* λ24/√10
- λ35/ √15 - λ48/√21 - λ63/√28;------------------(25)
Instead of λ24/√10 use the condition
λ24/√10 =(1/a)* [λ35/
√15 + λ48/√21 + λ63/√28];------------------------------(26)
with aǂ0. Yields a*
I0”= -[ I0’ +(1/6)* (y’+z’)];---------------(27)
Then I0 = 2*λ3 ; y=(
2/√3) * λ8 – λ15/
√6 ; z= 3/ √6* λ15 ; ---------(28)
Here
a* λ24/
√10= - [ λ35/ √ 15 + λ48 / √21 + λ63/√28];----------------------(29)
again
I0’
= (1/5)* [5* λ35/ √ 15 + 4 *
λ63/√28]; --------------------(30)
y’= [ 6* λ48 / √21
- λ63/√28];-------------------------------(31)
z’= 7* λ63/√28;------------------------------------(32)
y+z= (a1 * a1Ɨ + a2
* a2Ɨ);-------------------------------(33)
y’+z’ = (b1 *
b1Ɨ + b2 * b2Ɨ) = - (b3 * b3Ɨ + b4
* b4Ɨ);----------------(34)
y’= - b3 * b3Ɨ ; z’=
- b4 * b4Ɨ; ---------------------------------(35)
I0’= (1/6
)*( b1 * b1Ɨ
- 5* b2 * b2Ɨ); I0”= 1/10; ------------------------(36)
Identification of Some Mesons
under SU(8)
[Dt.28 April 2013;] Here a= - 3/2.
λ3 + λ8/√3 + λ15/√6 + [0]= a1 * a1Ɨ = π0/√2 + η/√6 + Mc/√8= ½*(y+z)+ I0;
-λ3 + λ8/√3 + λ15/√6 + [0]= a2 * a2Ɨ
= - π0/√2 + η/√6 + Mc/√8= ½*(y+z)- I0;
-2*λ8/√3 + λ15/√6
+ [0]= a3 * a3Ɨ = -2* η/√6 + Mc/√8=
-y;
-3*λ15/√6 +
[0]= a4 * a4Ɨ = - 3*Mc/√8= -z;-----------------------------(37)
Here vanishing condition is
[0]= λ24/
√10 + [ λ35/ √ 15 + λ48 / √21 + λ63/√28]* (1/a);----------------(38)
with choice a= -3/2.
5*[ λ35/ √15 + λ48/√21 + λ63/√28]= b1 * b1Ɨ = ρ0 /√2 + φ0/√6 + ω0/√8=
=1/6* (y’+ z’) + I0 ‘- 4* I0”*a;--------------------------(39)
-5* λ35/ √15 + λ48/√21 + λ63/√28]= b2 * b2Ɨ = -ρ0 /√2 + φ0/√6 + ω0/√8=
=1/6* (y’+ z’) - 5* I0’;-----------------------------------(40)
-6* λ48/√21 + λ63/√28]=
b3 * b3Ɨ =
- 2* φ0/√6 + ω0/√8= - y’;-------------(41)
- 7*λ63/√28= b 4* b4Ɨ = -3*ω0/√8= - z’;---------------------------------(42)
Note that
I0 = 2 * λ3;
------------(43)
y=2*λ8/√3 - λ15/√6;--------------(44)
z= 3* λ15/√6 ; --------------------------(45)
4* I0” *a= -[ λ35/ √15 + λ48/√21 + (4/5)* λ63/√28];----------------(46)
I0’ = 1/5* [ 5* λ35/ √15 + 4*
λ63/√28];--------------------------(47)
y’= [6* λ48/√21 - λ63/√28];-------------------------------------------(48)
z’= 7* λ63/√28;----------------------------------------------------(49)
Expressions from 37 to 49 were first worked out on Dt. 28 April 1979.
[Ref:
1,13,12 and 14 listed below.]
Some new identification are,
ρ0+ φ0 + ω0= D55; 5*χ0= -( ρ0+ φ0
+ ω0); -ρ0+ φ0
+ ω0= D66;
ρ= ρ0/5 – (2/15) * φ0
- (2/15)* ω0; -2*φ0
+ ω0= D77;
Vc= (3/7)* ω0;
φ = (1/3)*φ0 – (2/21)*ω0; -3* ω0=
D88;----------------(50)
Table of adopted Quantum Specifications for Elementary Particles,
|
½(y+z)+I0
|
½(y+z)-I0
|
-y
|
-z
|
1/6(y’+z’)+ I0’-4* I0”a
|
½(y’+z’)-5I’0
|
-y’
|
-z’=
7* λ63/√28
|
|
3/2
|
-1/2
|
-1/2
|
-1/2
|
¾
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
|
-1/2
|
3/2
|
-1/2
|
-1/2
|
¾
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
|
-1/2
|
-1/2
|
3/2
|
-1/2
|
¾
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
|
-1/2
|
-1/2
|
-1/2
|
3/2
|
¾
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
¾
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-5/4
|
¼
|
-1/4
|
-1/4
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-5/4
|
¼
|
+7/4
|
-1/4
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-5/4
|
¼
|
-1/4
|
+7/4
|
Note 1/6* (y’+ z’) - 5* I0’= [-5* λ35/ √15 + λ48/√21 + λ63/√28];
It is possible to identify
I0 = 2*λ3; y=(2/√3)* λ8/√3- λ15/√6; z= (3/ √6 )* λ15/√6;
I0’ = (1/5)*[ (5/√15)* λ35 + (4/√28) * λ63; y’=(6/√21)* λ48- λ63/√28; z’= (7/√28) λ63;
1/6(y’+z’)+ I0’-4* I0”a= 5*[ λ35/
√15 + λ48/√21 + λ63/√28];
-4* I0”a = 4*[ λ35/ √15 + λ48/√21 + (4/5)*λ63/√28];-------------------------(51)
The possible values for the I0 , y, z, I0’ , y’, z’
|
I0
|
y
|
z
|
I0’
|
Y’
|
z’
|
|
1
|
1/2
|
1/2
|
2/21
|
1/4
|
1/4
|
|
-1
|
1/2
|
1/2
|
2/21
|
1/4
|
1/4
|
|
0
|
-3/2
|
1/2
|
2/21
|
1/4
|
1/4
|
|
0
|
1/2
|
-3/2
|
2/21
|
1/4
|
1/4
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
2/21
|
1/4
|
1/4
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-32/105
|
1/4
|
1/4
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
1/35
|
-7/4
|
1/4
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-5
|
1/4
|
-7/4
|
we have used here the condition that a= -3/2
|
λ3
|
2
λ8/√3
|
3λ15/√6
|
λ24/√10
|
λ 35/√15
|
6λ
48/√21
|
-λ
63/√28
|
|
1
|
2/3
|
1/2
|
1/10
|
1/15
|
6/21
|
¼
|
|
-1
|
2/3
|
1/2
|
1/10
|
1/15
|
6/21
|
¼
|
|
0
|
-4/3
|
1/2
|
1/10
|
1/15
|
6/21
|
¼
|
|
0
|
0
|
-3/2
|
1/10
|
1/15
|
6/21
|
¼
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-4/10
|
1/15
|
6/21
|
¼
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-5/15
|
6/21
|
¼
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-36/21
|
¼
|
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
0
|
-7/4
|
Note y= 2
λ8/√3 - 3λ15/√6 ; y’= 6λ 48/√21- λ 63/√28; z’=7 λ 63/√28;
Earlier Identification made in April 1979
[Refer Nos. 1, 12, 13 and 14]
N βα=[ π0/√2 +η/√6+ M0c /√8 π+ κ+ M1C : Σ0/√2 +Λ0/√6+ B0c/√8 Σ+ p B1C;
π - -π0/√2 +η/√6+ M0c /√8 κ0 M2C: Σ- -Σ0/√2 +Λ0/√6+ B0c/√8 n B2C;
κ- ‾κ0 -2 η/√6+ M0c /√8 M3C
: Ξ- Ξ0 -2Λ0/√6+ B0c/√8 B3C;
M’1C M’2C M’3C -3* M0c /√8 : B’1C B’2C B’3C -3* B0c/√8;
aχ χ/√2 +aψψ/√6+ al*l0c/√8 aμμ+ aee+ aνγe+: ρ0/√2+ φ0/√6+V0c/√8 ρ+ κ+π V1c;
a’μμ- -aχ χ/√2 +aψψ/√6+ al*l0c/√8 L63
L2c : ρ-
-
ρ0/√2+ φ0/√6+V0c/√8 κ0π V2c;
a’ee- L72 -2*aψψ/√6+ al*l0c/√8 L3c : κ-π ‾κ0π - 2*φ0/√6+V0c/√8 V3c;
L’c1 L’ c 2 L’ c 3 L0c
: V’1 c
V’2 c V’3c V0
c]
-------------------------------------------------------(52)
Here L c 2 = aτ τ and L3c = a’τ ντ are charm
neutrinos and the adjoint representation of the matrix termed as ‾N βα . Note that here the symbol “‾” represents the adjoint operation.
A current expression is presented below.
‾N13 γμ N11 + ‾N23
γμ N12 + ‾N33 γμ N13 - ‾N31
γμ N11 - ‾N32
γμ N21 -
‾N33 γμ N31
= ‾Ξ‾ γμ (Σ0/√2 +Λ0/√6) + ‾Ξ0
γμ Σ+ + ‾ (-2 Λ/√6) γμ p
- ‾p γμ (Σ0/√2 +Λ0/√6) - ‾n
γμ Σ- - ‾ (2
Λ/√6) γμ
Ξ –
------(53)
along
with expressions from 39 to 49 given above. The above is review of my
previous work and salient features of them.
A NEW THEORY:
DARK ENERGY AND MATTER LU8
SYMMETRY
My approach is to identify the
matrix elements of LU8 as
LU8 =[ LU11 π+ κ+ M1C :a1*a5Ɨ sin3Θ
cosΘ sin2Θ cosΘ sinΘ
cosΘ;
π - LU22 κ0 M2C :-sin3Θ cosΘ a2*a6Ɨ
sin2Θ cosΘ sinΘ
cosΘ;
κ- ‾κ0 -y M3C :-sin2Θ cosΘ -sinΘ
cosΘ a3*a7Ɨ sinΘ cosΘ;
M’1C M’2C M’3C -z :-sinΘ cosΘ
-sinΘ cosΘ -sinΘ cosΘ
a4*a8Ɨ;
----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------
a5*a1Ɨ sin3Θ’ cosΘ’ sin2Θ’ cosΘ’ sinΘ’ cosΘ’:
LU55 a5*a6Ɨ a5*a7Ɨ
a5*a8Ɨ;
-
-sin3Θ’ cosΘ’ a6*a2Ɨ sin2Θ’ cosΘ’
sinΘ’ cosΘ’: a6*a5Ɨ
LU66 a6*a7Ɨ
a6*a8Ɨ;
-sin2Θ’cosΘ’ -sinΘ’cosΘ’
a7*a3Ɨ sinΘ’ cosΘ’ : a7*a5Ɨ
a7*a6Ɨ
–y’ a7*a8Ɨ;
-sinΘ’ cosΘ’ -sinΘ’ cosΘ’ -sinΘ’ cosΘ’ a8*a4Ɨ : a8*a5Ɨ
a8*a6Ɨ
a8*a7Ɨ
-z’ ]-----(54)
I have introduced the Θ and Θ’ angles.
The only identifications it appears that go through with the Dark Matter
and Dark Energy entities are the mesons of the first
quadrant of the matrix elements.
The completely new LU55,
LU66, y’ and z’ elements are identified with the newer Dark elements. Obviously, we have
a remarkable set of triple 16 entities
that describe the Dark scenario of
the very elementary particles of the Beginning Universe.
The retention of the mesons is guided
by the fact that mesons do play a role of early universe as already envisaged
by the author in his publication made in Indian
Journal of Physics Vol.50, pages
993-1002, 1976 and at Ind. Sci. Cong.
Waltair, 1976. This publication suggests
a Pion mass fundamental published by the present author in 1976.
DARK PLASMA A NEWER CONCEPT
Dark Matter and Dark Mass involves, in
my opinion, a Plasma State involving the newer set of quantities identified
here in as the elementary entities.
NEW
PHYSICS AND Zprima
On July 31, 2013 First Experimental
Signs of a New Physics Beyond the Standard Model, a team of physicists from the
Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and the French CNRS has predicted
deviations in the probability of one of the B meson decays that have been
detected experimentally in the LHC accelerator at CERN. The researchers claim that one of the New Physics models that could
explain these results would be the one that postulates the existence of a new
particle named Zprima [Ref. No. 27].
Dark matter presents a new physics
beyond the standard model with three generations of fermions. Dark matter in
association with a fourth generation of Chiral matter might exist. The
scenarios presents stable heavy neutrino dark matter, composite Dark Matter
consisting of stable heavy Chiral quarks, acting as mediators between the dark
(hidden) and visible sectors, with the four-generation standard model with the
minimal addition of a stable real scalar field.
The
potential implication of the recent observation of a Higgs-like new particle at
the LHC is interesting. [Ref.No.20b]
HIGGS-DARKON
The
Higgs-Darkon coupling 𝜆 and
the Darkon mass 𝑚𝐷= (𝑚20+𝜆 * 𝑣2𝐻)1/2, where 𝑣𝐻
is the Higgs
vacuum expectation value. Since the𝜆
term in this leads to
the Darkon relic density, 𝜆 can
be extracted from the observed DM density once the Darkon and Higgs masses, 𝑚𝐷
and 𝑚ℎ, are specified. The
latest findings from Higgs searches at the Tevatron, has spelled major trouble
for the simplest version of the standard model with four generations.
Neutrino rest Mass is
it real?
The energy of virtual photons is cosmologists' best guess
of what lies behind the Dark Energy that is causing the universe's expansion to
accelerate. Baryonic processes may solve the
problem of ”the puzzling darkness of Milky Way subhaloes” (Boylan-Kolchin et
al. 2011). Most astronomers assume that Dark
Matter consists of "cold" (i.e. slow-moving) exotic particles that
clump together gravitationally. Determining the dark matter content using the
neutrino mass also has to be viewed from a different perspective since the rest
mass can no longer be real.
DARK MATTER
Pospelov and Pradler [Ref.No. 21] state light
new particles with masses below 10 keV, often considered as a plausible
extension of the standard model, will be emitted from the solar interior and
can be detected on Earth with a variety of experimental tools. Here, we analyze
the new “dark” vector state V, a massive vector boson mixed with the photon via an
angle κ,
that in the limit of the small mass mV has
its emission spectrum strongly peaked at low energies.
`
Delannoy and nine others [Ref.No.22b] report a
feasibility study for the search of supersymmetric dark matter in the final
state of two vector boson fusion jets and large missing transverse energy is
presented at 14 TeV.
Prospects for determining the Dark Matter
relic density are studied for the cases of wino and bino-Higgsino dark matter.
The LHC could probe wino dark matter with mass up to approximately 600 GeV
with a luminosity of 1000fb-1. [ Ref.No.22].
A possible test of this model is the existence of colored particles with TeV
masses accessible at the LHC, now stopped and would be renewed after a few
years of modifications, to realize higher energies of interacting protons.
Dark Matter and Vector-like
leptons from gauged lepton number,
investigated a simple model where lepton number is promoted to a local U(1)L gauge
symmetry which is then spontaneously broken, leading to a viable thermal Dark Matter
(DM) candidate and vector-like leptons as a byproduct. [Ref. No.22c].
Das told Physicsworld.com that “the gravitational influence of
these structures, possibly dominated by clumps of Dark Matter, will each
deflect the path of photon”.
The CMS Collaboration
According
to a statement by CERN, for every billion B-sub-smesons produced, only three or
so are expected to decay into two Muons, heavier cousins of the electron. That
expectation is confirmed by the new data. Physicists look for results
inconsistent with those predicted by the Standard Model to expand knowledge of
the physical world but that didn't happen here. "The news is that the
Standard Model has predicted that this B-sub-s meson will decay to two muons
very, very rarely, and that is what we've seen". Refer the CMS collaboration. Measurement of the B0s ￫
μ+μ- branching
fraction and search for B0s ￫
μ+μ- with the CMS experiment. [Ref. No. 21].
Quintessence
The Royal Society on January 13, 2011 report by P. J.
Steinhardt, [Ref.No.24] in the paper “A quintessential introduction to Dark
Energy states that most of the energy in the Universe consists of some form of
Dark Energy that is gravitationally self-repulsive and that is causing the
expansion of the Universe to accelerate.”
Quintessence is characterized by its equation of state ω ≡ p/ρ,
where p is the pressure and ρ is the energy density. Most models have 0 ≥ ω
> - 1, whereas a cosmological constant has ω precisely equal to -1. The
smaller is the value of ω the greater it’s accelerating erect. Unlike a
cosmological constant, the quintessential pressure and energy density evolve in
time, and ω may also do so.
Quintessence, which is
spatially inhomogeneous, may be distinguished from the Cosmological Constant.
COLD Vs WARM Dark
Matter
‘Indistingushability of warm Dark Matter,
modified gravioty and coupled cold dark matter’ by Wei,
Liu, Chen, Yan, [Ref. No. 25] the current accelerated expansion of our Universe could be due to
an unknown energy component with negative pressure (Dark Energy) or a
modification to general relativity (modified gravity). On the other hand,
recently, warm Dark Matter remarkably rose as an alternative of cold Dark Matter.
Obviously, it is of interest to distinguish these different types of models.
Dark
Matter admixed white dwarfs, Leung, Chu, Lin, Wong [Ref.No.26a] studied the
equilibrium structures of white dwarfs with dark matter cores formed by
non-self-annihilating Dark Matter (DM) particles with masses ranging from
1 GeV to 100 GeV, which are assumed to form an ideal degenerate Fermi
gas inside the stars.
In Cosmology
with Ricci dark Energy by Campo, Fabris, Herrera, Zimdahl, [Ref.No.26b] state cosmological dark sector to consist of
pressureless matter and holographic Dark Energy with a cutoff length
proportional to the Ricci Scale. But some
researchers question whether the dark energy exists. (Credit James Wadsley,
McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario).
On
June 10, 2013, Scientists Size Up Universe's Most
Lightweight Dwarf Galaxy, Kirby, Boylan-Kolchin, Cohen, Geha, Bullock, Kaplinghat. SEGUE 2: THE LEAST MASSIVE GALAXY. [Ref. No. 28]
Segue 2's presence as a satellite of our home galaxy could be "a
tip-of-the-iceberg observation, with perhaps thousands more very low-mass
systems orbiting just beyond our ability to detect them". It's definitely
a galaxy, not a star cluster," said postdoctoral scholar and lead author
Evan Kirby. He explained that the stars are held together by a globule called a
dark matter halo. Without this acting as galactic glue, the star body wouldn't
qualify as a galaxy. Segue 2, discovered in 2009 as part of the massive Sloan
Digital Sky Survey, is one of the faintest known galaxies, with light output
just 900 times that of the sun. That's miniscule compared to the Milky Way,
which shines 20 billion times brighter. But despite its tiny size, researchers
using different tools originally thought Segue 2 was far denser.
DARK MATTER AND GRAVITY
Dark Matter refers to undetectable
matter or particles whose presence explains unexpected gravitational effects on
galaxies and stars. Various assumptions were made on the composition of Dark
Matter: Molecular gas, dead stars, Brown dwarf stars etc. In the case of the Dark Matter known as "hot", the particles
have speeds close to light.
While the particles
of Black Matter known as "cold" would be more massive and thus
slower. In March 2000 cartography revealed that the Dark Matter takes the shape of
long intersecting filaments. The quantity of matter of the universe should
represent one third of that needed to reach the critical density, the remainder
made up of Dark Energy. A new similar
study in 1996 Astrophysicist Mellier by his team of scientists, with a larger CCD camera, allowing the study of 20 times the previous
field of view observed the Dark Matter.
Difficulties distinguishing, the Dark Energy, from modified gravity vis-à-vis redshift
distortions suggested by Simpson and Peacock [Ref. 20] seems to be very
speculative.
Accurate weight for the Neutrino
has potentially an upper limit of just 0.1 electron volts. Of all the
hypothetical candidates for the mysterious Dark Matter, so far neutrinos
provide the only example of Dark Matter that actually exists in nature.
Studies of spiral galaxies such as Andromeda, pictured here in infrared wavelengths,
have provided clues to Dark Matter's gravitational effects.
Dark Matter Annihilation
If Dark Matter particles in the Sun,
for instance, undergo self-annihilation, then such annihilation events could
create high-energy neutrinos that would potentially be detectable with
ground-based neutrino telescopes.
Xenon100 is designed to search for the
most favored Dark Matter particle candidate—the weakly interacting massive
particle (WIMP)—by watching for signs that a WIMP has recoiled off an atom in a
tank of liquid xenon. Current direct detection scenarios include potential Dark
Matter particles with masses between one and 1,000 times the mass of a proton
and with interaction "cross-sections" roughly one trillionth the size
of a neutron.
DWARF GALAXIES
Most astronomers assume
that Dark Matter consists of "cold" (i.e. slow-moving) exotic
particles that clump together gravitationally. Over time these dark matter
clumps grow and attract normal matter. Dwarf galaxies are composed of up to 99 percent Dark Matter
and only one percent normal matter like stars. The
presence of a new force in the Dark sector, with a Compton wavelength mφ-1 ≥ 1 GeV-1
is imagined by several researchers. [Ref. No.30].
NUMERICAL DATA
With volume λ3π
, where λ π = h/m π c is the Compton wave length of Pion
same order as Dark energy density (ρ de) i.e.
ρde
=(A/2*π) (ħ /c)* R”/ λ3 π --------------------------(55)
where A is a dimensional constant.
With A =2 i.e. yields present day value
ρde,0= 6.87x10-10
J/m3. --------------------------------(56)
Dragan
Slavkov Hajdukovic [Ref.3]
ρde=
(c^4/(8*π*G) )* Λ= G * m6
*c4/h4= 9.6x10-9 J/m3-------------(57)
= 7.5E-27 kg/ m3-------------------(58)
also suggested by Zeldovich
[Ref.4,5].
With Λ cosmological constant, m is
close to mass of Pion but changes with age of Universe [Ref. 19]. Taking mass mx=
3.25E-68Kg termed as minimum mass of the universe and Mplanck as sqrt
(ħ*c/G). The Cosmological constants were discussed by P. A. M. Dirac [Ref.6, 7]
but he has not involved the Dark Energy of the Universe.
Gdark=SU(2)xU(1) with
gauge bosons wμl and bμ, which we collectively term as aμl
and the Dark Matter multiplet χ transforming as a triplet under SU(2) and the neutral under the U(1)
and it could be a scalar or a Fermion.
It was assumed that Dark Matter to have excited states, and non-Abelian group
of gauge transformations. The Dark Matter multiplet splits since the gauge
group is Higged [Ref.8].
The prediction that a massive early
starburst would result in boosting the rate of Type II [Ref.9 and 9a] supernova
(Mass >8 times Mass of Sun) production relative to the longer time scale for
SNIa explosions and hence lead to an [α/Fe], enhancement in the stellar core.
Massive neutrinos are the only form of non-baryonic Dark Matter
known to exist. The advection-dominated accretion model for Sgr A, for the flow
in the accretion disk around the central black hole in the Milky Way, The
different processes mentioned [Ref.10-16] could be the source of production of
Dark Matter and Dark Energy and further studies would eventually enlighten the
serious researcher of this problem. The gravitational impedance is defined by
Zg=√μ0g/ε0g=2.796E-18 kg-1m2s-1.
----------------------------(59)
With μ0g=9.3317E-27 kg-1 m . -----------------------------------(60)
Gravitational Resistance is Rg= (μ0g/4) v in units of kg-1m2 s-1.------------(61)
Gravitational conductivity is kg m-3 s2.
The electromagnetic impedance is just
376.6Ω. Relation of impedance with the gravitational constants is very
intriguing.
It leads to Dark Matter impedance.
Dark Matter capture and
annihilations in the Sun
and the Earth
Dark Matter is captured in celestial objects. Elastic
scattering of Dark Matter against nuclei is ≤ 10(- 43) cm2
.
The capture rates are
Earth= 1.4x1021 s(-1) (TeV/mχ)2/3 -------------------------(62)
and
Sun= 4.1x1011 s(-1) (TeV/mχ)2/3 [Ref
16].-------------------(63)
IMPORTANT FINDING
I specifically state that one should
imagine that Z’, Y’ essentially describe the Dark Matter multiplet and Dark Energy
associated with the normal LU8 particles [Ref.18].
May 24, 2013 by Bob Yirka suggests that Dark-Matter-type gravity
and “or possibly as I state an antigravity-like event, competes marveling with
the visible Universe yet times!”.
Visakhapatnam City Observation of a possible DARK Matter
Event
What constitutes the observed Dark Matter visible brilliance of
light by the present author, on that fateful evening of rain and thunder shower
that lashed almost one and half hours at the outskirts of Visakhapatnam city! [Ref.
No. 18a]. On August 14th,
2011, trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com
published
Saturday, August 18, 2012 the observation of a up-going positron, in the flash lightning
at Visakhapatnam photographed luckily by the author, followed by a mild earthquake in that region of
observation supports the idea that they could be colliding particles of
Dark Matter. The lightning was very furious during
the actual Earth tremors happening seen brilliantly in Visakhapatnam near the
Bus stand area of Gajuvaka. A photograph of the observed lightning has already been published
by the present author in a previous publication of the trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com.
[see Ref.29 listed below].
It is probably a wild wind of radiation from the Earth’s tremor!
I quote that “I don’t think it makes you believe it must be Dark Matter, nor do
I think it makes you believe it cannot be” a remark of particle theorist from
New York University, report published in Phys. Review Letters on Friday!
Whether the emitted positrons are an astonishing and puzzling signals of the
Dark Matter observed, photographed by the
present author and reviewed in a previous publication of this blogspot!.
GALAXIES
Swiss astronomer Zwicky of CalTech decided to study a small group
of seven galaxies in the Coma Cluster. The question of this difference between
the dynamic and luminous mass was let aside for several decade, in spite of
observations reported by Zwicky (1933) and Smith (1936). On a galaxy scale, the
Dark Matter rate would be up to 10 times that of the luminous matter, but on
the clusters' level, it would be much more important: up to 30 times the
"visible" mass of these clusters.
On Aug. 6, 2013, Stunning
Image of Nearby Galaxy M31, also
known as the Andromeda Galaxy, is the spiral galaxy nearest to our own Milky
Way Galaxy, 2.5 million light years from Earth. It is one of the brightest
objects listed in the Messier catalog and has cornered the attention of
observers since 964 A.D., when the Persian astronomer Al-Sufi wrote about it.
Messier catalogued it as M31 in 1764, 800 years later, and it continues to
intrigue the public and astronomers alike. It is visible to the naked eye on
moonless nights, even in areas with moderate light pollution.
NOBEL
AWARD 2013
The
Britain Peter Higgs and Belgium Francois
Englert Physicists have been recognized for the Nobel Prize this year to the
tune of Rs. 7.73crores (about 8 Million Swedish Kroners) award to be given on
10 December in Stockholm by the Swedish Crown. Due to the Higgs Bosons only,
all particles are able to acquire their mass, is what is understood from this
discovery, assisted by another six scientists in 1964 as well who were the
coworkers with Higgs. Invisible field of the Universe possess these Higgs Bosons. A thorough look into Physics of Elementary Particles envisages
that the new particles of different masses attributed to Higgs field, which is
an invisible field of energy pervading the Universe. The elementary particles
acquire mass by interacting with a “Higgs Field” that permeates all space
proposed in 1964.The process is known as Higgs Mechanism. The field pervades
the entire cosmos. All elementary particles acquire mass through interaction
with Higgs Field. An earlier
paper published by F. Englert and an American Robert Brout before the
publication by Higgs, have a similar theory. CERN announced that the
Higgs Boson exists on 4th July 2012. It has a mass 125 billion
electron volts i.e. GeV which is 133 times heavier than proton. ATLAS and CMS
confirmed the existence of this particle.
Author’s Comment: I am to point out that the Higgs Boson, though a particle
of certain mass of 125GeV, is contrary to the theory of Einstein that the mass
less particles move with speed of light but, interaction precludes the
mechanism of mass acquisition by particles. Higgs field seems to be an
inventive thought.
Einstein thought “mass less” particles
would travel with velocity of light, following diktats of Einstein’s Theory of
Relativity. They have no present, future or past.
CONCLUSIONS
The method adopted here gives just
six quantum numbers for the description of the LU8 symmetry. This is in total
contrast with the normal SU(8) symmetry description of known elementary
particles [Ref.12].
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
He is deeply indebted to Late Professor K. R. Rao D.Sc. (Madras). D.Sc.
(London), Professor Emeritus, Andhra University, Waltair, who showed keen
interest, supported and encouraged the author’s research endeavor.
APPENDIX
In terms of creation
and annihilation operators, a set up is B which is a new Baryon
number extended to LU8 group, (Behram Kurusunoglu), and then it is possible to
write,
[Note
22 April 1979]
½*(y+z)+ I0
= D11= a1*a1Ɨ ; -------------------(1a)
½*(y+z) - I0 = D22
= a2*a2Ɨ; -----------------(2a)
D11-
D22 = 2 * I0; -------------------------(3a)
-y= D33=
a3*a3Ɨ;-----------------------------(4a)
-z=D44=
a4*a4Ɨ;---------------------------(5a)
-(y+z)= (a3*a3Ɨ
+ a4*a4Ɨ); -------------------(6a)
or a1*a1Ɨ + a2*a2Ɨ
= -(a3*a3Ɨ + a4*a4Ɨ);----------------------(7a)
(y+z)= (a1*a1Ɨ + a2*a2Ɨ);--------------------------------(8a)
Next
5/6*I01
-1/6*I02 +1/6*(z’+y’)-1/6*B= D55 = b1*b1Ɨ;-------(9a)
5/6 *
(y’+ z’) + 5 * I0’ =
D55;----------------------(10a)
1/6 *(y’+
z’) - 5 * I0’ = D66; -----------------------(11a)
-1/6*I01+5/6*I02+1/6*(z’+y’)-1/6*B=
D66 = b2*b2Ɨ;----------------(12a)
D55 - D66
= 2 * I0’ + 2/3 *
(y’ +z’);---------------------(13a)
-y’ =D77
= b3*b3Ɨ; ------------------------------(14a)
-z’ =D88
= b4*b4Ɨ;------------------------------(15a)
Bosonic
I0 = (a1*a1Ɨ - a2*a2Ɨ)/
2; I0 = 2* λ3; ------------------(16a)
y= - a3*a3Ɨ;
y=(2/√3)*λ8 – λ15/√6 –
a*λ24/√10-λ35/√15 - λ48/√21 - λ63/√28;
z= - a4*a4Ɨ; z=3/ √6* λ15 - a* λ24/√10 - λ35/
√15 -
λ48/√21 - λ63/√28;
Fermionic
I0
‘= 1/6*(b1*b1Ɨ - 5* b2*b2Ɨ); I0 ‘=(1/5)* [5* λ35/
√ 15 +
4 * λ63/√28];
y’ = - b3*b3Ɨ; y’= [ 6* λ48 / √21 - λ63/√28];
z’ = - b4*b4Ɨ; z’= 7* λ63/√28;--------------(17a)
with restriction that ‘a’ is such that
a* λ24/
√10= - [ λ35/ √ 15 + λ48 / √21 + λ63/√28];
--------------(18a)
I0’’ *
a=-[ λ35/√15 + λ48/√21
+ (4/5)* λ63/√28];
-------------(19a)
[ Narayana.K.L. signed on 22 April 1979]
With L55 and L66 as D55
and D66 we get, using the above expressions,
L55 + L66 – y’– z’ = (2/3)*I01
+ (2/3)*I02 +(1/3)*(z’+y’) – (1/3)*B– y’– z’,
= (2/3)*I01 + (2/3)*I02
- 2/3 * (y’+ z’) – (1/3)*B
= (2/3)*(I01 + I02
– y’ – z’) – (1/3)*B;------------------------------(20a)
If B = 2*( I01 + I02 – y’ – z’) then
the sum of diagonal terms of the lower 4x4 matrix also vanishes. This gives the
idea that y’ + z’ = I01 + I02 gives the complete
vanishing of the leading diagonal of the lower matrix of order 4x4. This
ensures that B=0.
Therefore the leading quantum numbers of the present set up
is
I0 z
y
and z’ y’
B=0.----------------------(21a)
Rather a surprising result, but we
note that the leading diagonals of the 8x8 matrix gives just the six quantum
numbers with the condition satisfied for the diagonal term sums.
Note: LU11=1/2*(z+y)
+ I0 = ½*[ a1*a1Ɨ -a2*a2Ɨ - a3*a3Ɨ
+ a4* a4Ɨ + B]
=
(3/4)*a1*a1Ɨ – (¼) *a2*a2Ɨ - (¼)*a3*a3Ɨ + (¼)
* a4* a4Ɨ---------(22a)
y= - a3*a3Ɨ + B; z=
a4* a4Ɨ + B;
LU22=1/2*(z+y)
- I0 = ½*[ -a1* a1Ɨ + a2*a2Ɨ - a3*a3Ɨ
+ a4* a4Ɨ + B];
= -(1/4)*a1* a1Ɨ
+(3/4)*a2*a2Ɨ – (¼) * a3*a3Ɨ + (¼)*a4* a4Ɨ----------------(23a)
Here we have ½*[ a1*a1Ɨ
-a2*a2Ɨ - a3*a3Ɨ + a4* a4Ɨ + B]+
½*[ -a1* a1Ɨ
+ a2*a2Ɨ - a3*a3Ɨ + a4* a4Ɨ + B] + a3*a3Ɨ
– B – a4* a4Ɨ – B = 0;--------(24a)
is the sum of the
leading diagonal 4x4 matrix elements that vanishes.
For the Lower we have,
LU55= a5*a5Ɨ = (1/6)*(5*I01-I02+(z’+y’)-B); ------------(25a)
LU66=
a6*a6Ɨ = (1/6)*(-I01+5*I02+(z’+y’)-B);----------------(27a)
LU55 + LU66= 2/3*[ I01 +
I02 ] +
(z’+y’)/3 - B/3 ;----------(28a)
If
B=2*( I01 + I02 –
y’ – z’)------------------(29a)
then sum of diagonals
vanishes for the lower 4x4 matrix.
It yields that z’+y’ = I01
+ I02 ; ----------------------(30a)
====================================================
References
1.
ARTICLE 13: trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com 70th B’Day Volume 2009-2010
of
KLN
Prof. Dr. K L Narayana M. Inst. P (Lond)
& Miss S. P. Shahane, “SU(8) Unitary
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Kazuo Kondo et al, p.201-211, 1980
13. K.L.Narayana
and Ghadge Vilas Vasudev,” Elementary Particles and Cosmology”,
M.Sc. Dissertation 1985 by GVV, Shivaji
University, Kolhapur.
14. K.
L. Narayana and Miss. A.M. Kulkarni, “Gauge Theory Approach to Quark Plasma And
Unified Fields”, M.Sc. Dissertation by Miss
AMK, Shivaji University, Kolhapur, April 1987,
15. K.
L. Narayana, Paper Presented at “Int. Conf on High Energy Physics and
Astrophysics”,
9 - 16 September, University of Kashmir, 1987
16. P. Gondolo et al, J. Cosmol. Astropart. Phys.07, p. 008, 2004
17. K.L.Narayana, Indian Science Congress
Association, Mathematics Section, Jammu Univ. Feb.3-7, 2014.
18. “With Λ
cosmological constant, m is close to mass of Pion but changes with age of
Universe”,
K. L.
Narayana and S. B. Patil,”A Physical model for two-particle baryon
Resonance systems and a postulation of medium
and low interactions”,
Indian Journal of Physics Vol.50, pages
993-1002, 1976 and Ind. Sci. Cong. Waltair, 1976.
This publication suggests a
Pion mass fundamental in 1976.
Note: “A
modified DE BROGLIE WAVE EQUATION FOR ELEMENTARY PARTICLES
is given in
this paper by Prof. K.L.Narayana.”
19. F
Simpson and J A Peacock. Phys.Rev. Vol.
D81, p. 043512, 2010. see reference 18
listed above.
20. a.Review Article “Heavy Chiral
Fermions and Dark Matter”, Johan Alwall and Jusak Tandean,
Hindawi
Publishing Corporation, Advances in High Energy Physics, Volume 2013,
Article ID 915897, 2013.
Volume 2013, Issue No.10,
October 1, 2013, Time: 8h26m. AM. “Rainy
Month of
October 2013 and Occurrence of
Earth Tremor in Visakhapatnam District on
October 8th, 2013”
c. Refer the paragraph of this
paper, “Author’s Comment: I am to point out that 2013
Nobel
Prize award
is controversial in the sense that the
Higgs Boson, though a
particle of certain mass of 125
GeV, is apparently consistent to the theory of
Einstein that the “mass less”
particles move with speed of light but,
interaction
seems as the mechanism of mass acquisition by particles. Higgs field seems to be
an inventive thought.”
21. The CMS Collaboration. Measurement
of the B0s ￫
μ+μ- branching fraction
and search for B0 ￫
μ+μ- with the CMS experiment. Physical Review Letters, 2013; (submitted).
22. a. H An M. Pospelov, J.
Pradler. Light new particles with masses below 10 keV, often considered as
a plausible extension of the
standard model, will be emitted from the solar interior and can be
detected on Earth with a variety of
experimental tools”,
Phys. Rev. Lett. Vol.111, p.041302, 2013
b. A. G. Delannoy and nine others, Phys. Rev. Lett, Vol.111,
p.061801, 2013.
c. “Dark
matter and vector like leptons from gauged lepton number”, by
Pedro Schwaller, Tim M.P. Tait, and Roberto Vega-Morales,
Phys. Rev. Vol. D88, 035001, 2013.
23. S.C.Leung, M.C. Chu, L.M. Lin, K W Wong,
“Dark Matter admixed white Dwarfs”,
Phys. Rev. D87, p.123506,
2013.
24. The Royal Society on
January 13, 2011 report by P. J. Steinhardt.
25. H
Wei, J Liu, Z.C. Chen, X. Yan,
‘Indistingushability of warm
dark matter, modified
Gravity and coupled cold dark
matter’, Phys.
Rev. Vol.D88, p.043510, 2013,
26. a.
S.C. Leung, M.C. Chu, L.M. Lin, K W Wong, “Dark Matter admixed white dwarfs studied
the equilibrium structures of white
dwarfs with dark matter cores”,
Phys. Rev. D87, p.123506, 2013.
b. S. D. Campo, J.C.
Fabris, R. Herrera, W. Zimdahl,” Cosmology with Ricci dark
Energy”, Phys. Rev. Vol.D87, p.123002,
2013.
27. “Postulates the
existence of a new particle named Zprima, “
First Experimental Signs of a New Physics beyond the
Standard Model, July 31, 2013,
A
team of physicists from the Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona (UAB) and the
French CNRS has
predicted deviations in
the probability of one of the B meson decays that have been detected
experimentally
in the LHC accelerator
at CERN.
28. Evan N. Kirby, Michael Boylan-Kolchin, Judith G. Cohen, Marla
Geha, James S.
Bullock, Manoj Kaplinghat. “SEGUE 2: THE LEAST MASSIVE GALAXY“,
The Astrophysical Journal, No.1, p.770, 2013.
“EARTHQUAKES IN VISAKHAPATNAM, IN RUSSIA AND PAKISTAN AND
CELESTIAL EVENT OF MARS AND
SATURN CONJUNCTION.”,
Volume 2012, Issue No.8, Dt. 16 August 2012 Time: 9h23m A.M.;
Professor Dr.
Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana,
{Retd.Prof.of Physics, SU} 17-11-10, Narasimha Ashram,
Official Colony, Maharanipeta.P.O.
Visakhapatnam-530002. Cell: 9491902867
“An important observation made, by author, which was not previously
reported by any one is
that the Earthquakes preceded and as well
supported by heavy rains and intense lightning
of an unusual nature. This practically
observed and lightning stroke recorded and analyzed
by me on the evening of 14 August 2012.’
Present
Explanation: This
happening is interpreted by the author as a reverse flow of positive matter
from
the Earth interior to the clouds that surrounded the origin of the lightning.
Possibly a
Positron-like
particles that were produced and moved upward to the sky or to the event origin
within the clouds. Does the conjunction
events of Sun system produces anti-particles of sufficient magnitude
to
fill up the Solar Space”? (A star of this magnitude is perhaps enough to
produce the upward moving of
Anti-particles.)
30. Tuesday, July 22, 2008, “The Riemann Curvature Vein of
Gravitational Soliton Sensor & Gravior (Spin-2 Quanta)
Quadrupole Excitations”, Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana,
http://trusciencetrutechnology.blogspot.com/ Dated:
23rd July 2008 at 11.30AM.
31. Hooman Davoudiasl, Phy.Rev D88, 095004 ,2013,5pages “ Gravitationally induced
dark matter asymmetry
and
dark nucleon decay”, Department of Physics, Brookhaven National
Laboratory, Upton, New York 11973,
USA,Received
16 September 2013; published 8 November 2013
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