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Volume 2010, Issue No.1,Dt.27/01/2010 10:02:59
Weather pattern at Visakhapatnam during 17th to 27th January 2010
By Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana,
(Retd. Prof. of Phys, SU) 17-11-10, Narasimha Ashram,
Official Colony, Maharanipeta. P. O.Viskahaptnam-530002
email Id: lakshminarayana.kotcherlakota@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The solar wind stream of energetic protons of energies 10GeV would definitely loosen the Rao and the Anti-Rao quanta within these crystalline and chemically bound structured Mars material. The quanta being fermions will cause the electron scattering making it much easier for the electrons and low energy protons to escape at the magnetosphere plasma mirror points. The event of Solar Flare emissions of the 19th January 2010 obviously spurted the Rao and the Anti-Rao quanta from both the Lunar and the Martial material. This explains succinctly the appearance of fine particulate matter invisible to the naked eye in the Atmospheres of Earth and the Mars. These quanta get liberated and traverse the Lunar-Earth distance very easily to lodge collided and embedded in the particulate matter of the Earth’s magnetosphere. The X-Ray scattering broadening and the brightness features of the Earth’s terrestrial atmosphere and the ionosphere would have existed bathed with these quanta excited molecular structures. To assess the phenomenon the author has recorded the visible spectrum of the Moon to establish the fact that the blue scattering persists much more enhanced. This prompts to understand in a very vivid manner the finding of the present author that the alternative explanation of the Stokes and anti-Stokes shift of spectral lines (and Smekal spectroscopy observation of shifts) by Rao and Anti-Rao quanta is feasible.The exciting possibility for neutrino physics and astrophysics is the possibility of formation of a muon-like entity by means of the following association: μR-==> R - + antineutrino electron + neutrinorao with obviously the other possibility of association with R + of neutrino positron and the antineutrinorao giving μR + . The X-irradiation of the mineral material of the surface of Moon and The Mars does indeed produces these new variety of fermion entities. The specific charge is very small (could it be fractional?) and masses involved are of the order of neutrino masses!
Volume 2010, Issue No.1,Dt.27/01/2010 10:02:59
Weather pattern at Visakhapatnam during 17th to 27th January 2010
By Professor Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana,
(Retd. Prof. of Phys, SU) 17-11-10, Narasimha Ashram,
Official Colony, Maharanipeta. P. O.Viskahaptnam-530002
email Id: lakshminarayana.kotcherlakota@gmail.com
ABSTRACT:
The solar wind stream of energetic protons of energies 10GeV would definitely loosen the Rao and the Anti-Rao quanta within these crystalline and chemically bound structured Mars material. The quanta being fermions will cause the electron scattering making it much easier for the electrons and low energy protons to escape at the magnetosphere plasma mirror points. The event of Solar Flare emissions of the 19th January 2010 obviously spurted the Rao and the Anti-Rao quanta from both the Lunar and the Martial material. This explains succinctly the appearance of fine particulate matter invisible to the naked eye in the Atmospheres of Earth and the Mars. These quanta get liberated and traverse the Lunar-Earth distance very easily to lodge collided and embedded in the particulate matter of the Earth’s magnetosphere. The X-Ray scattering broadening and the brightness features of the Earth’s terrestrial atmosphere and the ionosphere would have existed bathed with these quanta excited molecular structures. To assess the phenomenon the author has recorded the visible spectrum of the Moon to establish the fact that the blue scattering persists much more enhanced. This prompts to understand in a very vivid manner the finding of the present author that the alternative explanation of the Stokes and anti-Stokes shift of spectral lines (and Smekal spectroscopy observation of shifts) by Rao and Anti-Rao quanta is feasible.The exciting possibility for neutrino physics and astrophysics is the possibility of formation of a muon-like entity by means of the following association: μR-==> R - + antineutrino electron + neutrinorao with obviously the other possibility of association with R + of neutrino positron and the antineutrinorao giving μR + . The X-irradiation of the mineral material of the surface of Moon and The Mars does indeed produces these new variety of fermion entities. The specific charge is very small (could it be fractional?) and masses involved are of the order of neutrino masses!
KEYWORDS: Rao and Anti-Rao Quanta, Alternative Physics, Stokes & Anti-Stokes lnes, Smekal A G, Rangadhama Rao, Foggy weather, X Ray ,UV light ,Extream UV light, excitations, Earth's ionization, Martian Atmosphere, Coronal Hole, Solar Flares,composite minerals, Dosimeters, Force Field vibrations,
INTRODUCTION:
The weather pattern during the 17th January 2010 and the 27th January 2010 is of astounding interest in view that the period follows the successive partial lunar eclipse on the 1st and the Solar eclipses of the year 2010 on the 15th instants of this month. Sequel to these celestial phenomenon there existed the Solar Flare and the Coronal Hole disturbances that have reached the Earth’s atmosphere. The object of the present article is to present a cohesive view of the weather pattern as found by the present author in Visakhapatnam.
Mars takes about 687 days to complete one revolution around the Sun and Mars has been found to be at its closest distance from Earth on the 27th January 2010. Most of the Martian surface is windblown dust and sand that "hides" the composite Minerals formed in soils include ferric oxides, carbonates and sulfates (Viking Lander1). Large parts of the Martian surface with a dark red visible colour have been interpreted as duricrust enriched in hydrated minerals and iron oxides. Duricrust is a soil cemented by minerals, and may contain sulphate salts.
The thin atmosphere of Mars has an average surface pressure of only 0.007 bars or about 5 mmHg. This pressure would correspond to that about 30 km above the Earth's surface. The Martian atmosphere is primarily 95% Carbon Dioxide wit amounts of only 3% Nitrogen and 2% Argon.
Space Weather Conditions:
A record of the varied variety of the Solar system disturbances and its phenomenal features are available at a click’s convenience on the global networks. The huge data needs to be analysed and it would definitely costs money and the effort of specialists and the amateurs alike. Due credit goes to all the people involved in the sophisticated system probes, digital instruments designed and appropriately positioned in the interplanetary space and even beyond the Solar system to collect the data of the different physical, chemical and other environmental parameters. Even the daily newspapers and science & technology featured articles in various magazines are totally based on these observations and availability of the data on the internet. The scientific attitude in the analysis of this data seems to be of a prize possession only among the few in the world. The reason being that the interested person (or the persons) needs to have the requisite qualifications, expertise, an uncommon sense and uncanny abilities to measure the data. Dedicated are very few and their effort is of great importance to others. Of course, even the common experiences of the weather need to be analysed since the globe is full of humanity.
The Solar Flares during the mentioned period have greatly influenced the Earth’s atmosphere. Especially in the morning of 27th January 2010 between 3.36AM to almost 10AM the foggy and chilly weather persisted that has affected the health of many a people in Visakhapatnam. Added to it of course was the release of effluents into the atmosphere by the nearby Industrial firms of the city.
Of interest is the fact that the MARS planet has reached its near most position relative to earth on the 27th January 2010. The atmosphere of Earth has been thus charged with both the X-Rays of the upper atmosphere (that have ionized the lower atmospheric levels of the Europe and the Pacific South Asian Countries) and the Solar Flare emissions (of the Sun spot 1039) impact on the planet MARS.
Analysis of the Data and some findings:
The later is a finding of the present author since foggy weather of the Saturday and the successive days at Visakhapatnam was a bit unusual and out of the pace of the after affects of the partial solar eclipse. The after affects of the partial solar eclipse lasted only for about 48hours and then the Solar Flare emissions have influenced the weather pattern. The after affects of partial lunar eclipse occurred over an extended period of time unlike the partial solar eclipse after affects.
Rudolf Slosiar in Bojnice, Slovakia, recorded on SID monitor, a surge in signal strength of the propagation of low-frequency radio signals. An M2-blast recorded by STEREO-B at 1756 GMT on Jan. 20th due to the M2-class solar flare on Jan. 19th, 2010 that immersed Earth’s upper atmosphere in X-rays and caused a wave of ionization.
The image given below shows the fog conditions that persisted in the morning of 23rd January 2010 at 07: 08: 18AM due to the Solar Flare ionization. The Visakhapatnam District tropical forest areas and the villages interior with good vegetation around have experienced chillier and fog weather conditions than the sea-side areas during the four days 22nd to 27th January 2010.
The ionization of the Earth caused Radio blackout. During the period of 72 minutes 13:02 UT to 15:04 UT, the ionosphere disturbances in the low frequency range at 20.27kHz and 23:40kHz have been recorded by Rudolf Slosiar on the January 19th, 2010. The Solar wind speed and the proton density scaled by 100 variations are shown against the date in the graph given below.
INTRODUCTION:
The weather pattern during the 17th January 2010 and the 27th January 2010 is of astounding interest in view that the period follows the successive partial lunar eclipse on the 1st and the Solar eclipses of the year 2010 on the 15th instants of this month. Sequel to these celestial phenomenon there existed the Solar Flare and the Coronal Hole disturbances that have reached the Earth’s atmosphere. The object of the present article is to present a cohesive view of the weather pattern as found by the present author in Visakhapatnam.
Mars takes about 687 days to complete one revolution around the Sun and Mars has been found to be at its closest distance from Earth on the 27th January 2010. Most of the Martian surface is windblown dust and sand that "hides" the composite Minerals formed in soils include ferric oxides, carbonates and sulfates (Viking Lander1). Large parts of the Martian surface with a dark red visible colour have been interpreted as duricrust enriched in hydrated minerals and iron oxides. Duricrust is a soil cemented by minerals, and may contain sulphate salts.
The thin atmosphere of Mars has an average surface pressure of only 0.007 bars or about 5 mmHg. This pressure would correspond to that about 30 km above the Earth's surface. The Martian atmosphere is primarily 95% Carbon Dioxide wit amounts of only 3% Nitrogen and 2% Argon.
Space Weather Conditions:
A record of the varied variety of the Solar system disturbances and its phenomenal features are available at a click’s convenience on the global networks. The huge data needs to be analysed and it would definitely costs money and the effort of specialists and the amateurs alike. Due credit goes to all the people involved in the sophisticated system probes, digital instruments designed and appropriately positioned in the interplanetary space and even beyond the Solar system to collect the data of the different physical, chemical and other environmental parameters. Even the daily newspapers and science & technology featured articles in various magazines are totally based on these observations and availability of the data on the internet. The scientific attitude in the analysis of this data seems to be of a prize possession only among the few in the world. The reason being that the interested person (or the persons) needs to have the requisite qualifications, expertise, an uncommon sense and uncanny abilities to measure the data. Dedicated are very few and their effort is of great importance to others. Of course, even the common experiences of the weather need to be analysed since the globe is full of humanity.
The Solar Flares during the mentioned period have greatly influenced the Earth’s atmosphere. Especially in the morning of 27th January 2010 between 3.36AM to almost 10AM the foggy and chilly weather persisted that has affected the health of many a people in Visakhapatnam. Added to it of course was the release of effluents into the atmosphere by the nearby Industrial firms of the city.
Of interest is the fact that the MARS planet has reached its near most position relative to earth on the 27th January 2010. The atmosphere of Earth has been thus charged with both the X-Rays of the upper atmosphere (that have ionized the lower atmospheric levels of the Europe and the Pacific South Asian Countries) and the Solar Flare emissions (of the Sun spot 1039) impact on the planet MARS.
Analysis of the Data and some findings:
The later is a finding of the present author since foggy weather of the Saturday and the successive days at Visakhapatnam was a bit unusual and out of the pace of the after affects of the partial solar eclipse. The after affects of the partial solar eclipse lasted only for about 48hours and then the Solar Flare emissions have influenced the weather pattern. The after affects of partial lunar eclipse occurred over an extended period of time unlike the partial solar eclipse after affects.
Rudolf Slosiar in Bojnice, Slovakia, recorded on SID monitor, a surge in signal strength of the propagation of low-frequency radio signals. An M2-blast recorded by STEREO-B at 1756 GMT on Jan. 20th due to the M2-class solar flare on Jan. 19th, 2010 that immersed Earth’s upper atmosphere in X-rays and caused a wave of ionization.
The image given below shows the fog conditions that persisted in the morning of 23rd January 2010 at 07: 08: 18AM due to the Solar Flare ionization. The Visakhapatnam District tropical forest areas and the villages interior with good vegetation around have experienced chillier and fog weather conditions than the sea-side areas during the four days 22nd to 27th January 2010.
The ionization of the Earth caused Radio blackout. During the period of 72 minutes 13:02 UT to 15:04 UT, the ionosphere disturbances in the low frequency range at 20.27kHz and 23:40kHz have been recorded by Rudolf Slosiar on the January 19th, 2010. The Solar wind speed and the proton density scaled by 100 variations are shown against the date in the graph given below.
The protons, positively charged particles, would traverse along the geomagnetic field lines on entry in to the magnetosphere and produce some ionization at the lower level of planetary ionosphere, i.e. around 50km in the case of Earth by directly colliding with the atmospheric particles. These protons of low density of about 10GeV produce substantial increase in the D-layer of about 60-90km at all latitudes.
Closest Approach of Mars to Earth and its brightness on 27th January 2010
Even though the Sun spot activity seems to be a minimum the space weather data obtained from various sources indicates that the sub-relativistic particles with energies between 10MeV to 100MeV produce strong ionization in the D-layer at the Polar caps. In this sense the phenomenon of the closest approach (93330million km) of Mars to the Earth is favorable for scattering of solar stream in full brightness towards the Earth. The scattered particles (of relativistic and as well the sub-relativistic particles) carry with them the fine mars ionosphere particulate energetic features. The ionosphere on the mars extends only 80 to 350km. So the possibility of continuous escape of electrons of with small pitch angles in the mirror points is feasible. Such trapped electrons on the Earth drift towards eastward their number being very large on the west side of South Atlantic. This enhances the South Atlantic Anomaly.
The solar stream protons interact with the charge exchange with the neutral atoms and get converted to low energy protons which are easily removed by interactions at lower levels. The present author’s contention is that the lower Mar’s atmosphere of only 10E-02 to 10E-04 atmospheres offers an excellent opportunity for the low energy protons to collide with the fine dust particulate matter of the planet Mars. Moreover the stream of neutral hydrogen produced in the sudden solar flares can enter both the Mar’s and the Earth’s magnetospheres without any hindrance and produce low energy protons due to collisions inside the respective magnetospheres.
Rao and Anti-Rao Quanta scattering & Possibility of a Novel Binding Force:
The present author has formulated a new theory years ago that the force field vibrations of simple molecules of XY2, XY3 and XY4 etc structures can generate the Quantal Spinorial entities termed the Rao and the Anti-Rao quanta [1 to 8]. The studies were made on the simple molecular structures that were embedded in complex crystals and metallic oxides. Now the evidence has been found for the rocks of the Moon i.e. dark colored-almost purple- to be constituted by big metallic grains. The Moon mission space craft has got deposited on it several drops of metallic dust grains embedded with frozen water-like molecules. This supports the thought of a new binding force with the metallic oxides of the water-like small embedded molecular structures by the Rao and the Anti-Rao quanta. [12]
Similarly on the surface of the planet Mars space robots have discovered the frozen ice etc. within the red soil and more in abundance slightly below the martial surface. The solar wind stream of energetic protons of energies 10GeV would definitely loosen the Rao and the Anti-Rao quanta within these crystalline and chemically bound structured Mars material. The quanta being fermions will cause the electron scattering making it much easier for the electrons and low energy protons to escape at the magnetosphere plasma mirror points. The event of Solar Flare emissions of the 19th January 2010 obviously spurted the Rao and the Anti-Rao quanta from both the Lunar and the Martial material. This explains succinctly the appearance of fine particulate matter invisible to the naked eye in the Atmospheres of Earth and the Mars. These quanta get liberated and traverse the Lunar-Earth distance very easily to lodge collided and embedded in the particulate matter of the Earth’s magnetosphere. The X-Ray scattering broadening and the brightness features of the Earth’s terrestrial atmosphere and the ionosphere would have existed bathed with these quanta excited molecular structures. [9 to 11]
To assess the phenomenon the author has recorded the visible spectrum of the Moon to establish the fact that the blue scattering persists much more enhanced. This prompts to understand in a very vivid manner the finding of the present author that the alternative explanation of the Stokes and anti-Stokes shift of spectral lines (and Smekal spectroscopy observation of shifts) by Rao and Anti-Rao quanta is feasible.
The visible spectrum recorded to ascertain this finding is given below.
Neutrino Spectroscopy with Rao Quanta:
The exciting possibility for neutrino physics and astrophysics is the possibility of formation of a muon-like entity by means of the following association:
μR- ==> R - + antineutrino electron + neutrinorao
The exciting possibility for neutrino physics and astrophysics is the possibility of formation of a muon-like entity by means of the following association:
μR- ==> R - + antineutrino electron + neutrinorao
with obviously the other possibility of association with
R + of neutrino positron and the antineutrinorao giving μR +.
The X-irradiation, Ultra-violet and extream UV radiations of the mineral material of the surface of Moon and the Mars does indeed produce these new variety of fermion entities. The specific charge is very small (could it be fractional?) and masses involved are of the order of neutrino masses![See Addendum]
A laboratory verification of intense X-ray and prolonged exposure has been investigated in several Molecular, Solid State and Phosphor materials by the present author during the years 1966-1983, when the present author did research at Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416004 and helped a few students to obtain their Ph.D. degrees.
Results of analysis of the said researches by me, in the light of the above stated findings on Rao Quanta, would be presented in a subsequent post at this blogger blogspot.
Gravity Waves:
Invariably any celestial event in the near Earth’s environment of planetary system of the Sun would eventually release enough energy by virtue of mass ejection from Coronal Holes or the sudden spurt of Solar Flares for the generation and the occurrence of gravity waves. The observation of these offers a wide variety of patterns of the weather. Several physical, chemical and environmental parameters do contribute effectively for the generation, propagation and destruction of these gravity waves. During their collapse they would release the wave energy into the terrestrial atmosphere causing thermal fluctuations. In turn they would give new weather features.
On the 27th January 2010 the Mars being at the closest approach to the Earth 93,330million km away and the Moon having a considerable brightness, a scenario of celestial event has been naturally fashioned. The gravity waves were observed by the present author at about 22:20:16PM. The wavelength of these is surprisingly found to be only half of what was observed at the time of partial Solar Eclipse around 14:00PM on the 15th January 2010.
Visible spectrum produced by the Gravity Wave in a direction orthogonal to the visible spectrum of the Moon has been successfully recorded by the author at 22:20:16PM on the 27th January 2010. The image is reproduced below:
The X-irradiation, Ultra-violet and extream UV radiations of the mineral material of the surface of Moon and the Mars does indeed produce these new variety of fermion entities. The specific charge is very small (could it be fractional?) and masses involved are of the order of neutrino masses![See Addendum]
A laboratory verification of intense X-ray and prolonged exposure has been investigated in several Molecular, Solid State and Phosphor materials by the present author during the years 1966-1983, when the present author did research at Shivaji University, Kolhapur-416004 and helped a few students to obtain their Ph.D. degrees.
Results of analysis of the said researches by me, in the light of the above stated findings on Rao Quanta, would be presented in a subsequent post at this blogger blogspot.
Gravity Waves:
Invariably any celestial event in the near Earth’s environment of planetary system of the Sun would eventually release enough energy by virtue of mass ejection from Coronal Holes or the sudden spurt of Solar Flares for the generation and the occurrence of gravity waves. The observation of these offers a wide variety of patterns of the weather. Several physical, chemical and environmental parameters do contribute effectively for the generation, propagation and destruction of these gravity waves. During their collapse they would release the wave energy into the terrestrial atmosphere causing thermal fluctuations. In turn they would give new weather features.
On the 27th January 2010 the Mars being at the closest approach to the Earth 93,330million km away and the Moon having a considerable brightness, a scenario of celestial event has been naturally fashioned. The gravity waves were observed by the present author at about 22:20:16PM. The wavelength of these is surprisingly found to be only half of what was observed at the time of partial Solar Eclipse around 14:00PM on the 15th January 2010.
Visible spectrum produced by the Gravity Wave in a direction orthogonal to the visible spectrum of the Moon has been successfully recorded by the author at 22:20:16PM on the 27th January 2010. The image is reproduced below:
This image shows that surprisingly on the night of 28th January 2010 at about 21 to 23 hours the weather at Visakhapatnam was full of red color. The gravity waves were not present but the sky became very cloudy and through out 27th and 28th January 2010 the weather was very foggy and considerably chiller. Spectral studies indicated that the red part of the spectrum was more dominant. The trial of a Brahmoastra under water launching wouldn’t have produced these remarkable changes.The 29th January 2010 there was a sudden change of weather and people felt the absence of severe cold of the winter and sun light fell by about 25% in visibility.ACKNOWLEDGEMENT:
The author is indebted to late Professor K. Rangadhama Rao D.Sc. (Madras) D.Sc. (London) for his initiation, guidance and encouragement for my studies and educational endeavor.
REFERENCES:
1.K.L.Narayana,” Topological Quantization of Rangadhama Effect and Differential geometric description of peram manifold and Spinorial Polarization of vibrations of atoms (ion) complexes”, International Symposium on Algebraic Topological Structures, S. N. Bose Institute of Physical Sciences, Calcutta ,December 1983.
2. K.L.Narayana, “Development of Pyroelectric detector cell by organic semiconducting coating methods.” INDFIN 83, 3rd Nat.Conf. of electroplating and metal finishing.
3. K.L.Narayana “Spinorial optics of structural vibrations of Ions and the Quasi-particle Quantization of Rangadhama Effect”Paper No. 147 Sec. IV Chem. 70th Proc.Ind.Sci.Congr. Part III Tirupathi, Shri Venketeswara Univ. 6th Jan 1983.
4. K.L.Narayana.”The spin polarization of molecular vibrations and peram manifolds of XY4 type metallic complexes (molecules).” Mysore University, Paper No.74, 69th session of Ind.Science Congress Chem. Sec. page 171, IV/ 6/1/1982.
5. K.L.Narayana,” Renormalization of vibrational Energy by Rangadhama Quanta and Spinorial phase transitions”, Paper No.216, page 102, 71st Session of Ind.Sci.Cong. Association, Ranchi, 1984.
6. K.L.Narayana,”Topological Quanta energy transduction mechanism and organic superconductivity”, 32nd ISTAM, Indian Institute of Technology, Powai, Mumbai, Dec.17th, 1987.
7. K.L.Narayana et al.”Green’s function formalism and molecular force field ellipses for XY4 structures.” Current Science Vol.42, p.535, 1973 and the references cited therein.
8. K.L.Narayana et al.” Molecular force field ellipses of coordinated water in Titanium Complexes”, J. Inorg. Nucl. Chem., Vol.39, p.19-24, 1977.
9. K.L.Narayana, et al. Papers Nos B7, p.19; No. B8, p.19; No.B9, p.20; No.A20; No. D1, p.51; presented at Symposium on Luminescence and Allied Phenomena, Ind.Inst.Of Tech., Khargpur 1973. X-ray dosimeters using the binary sulphate phosphors has also been given
10. K.L.Narayana et al.” Thermoluminescence of rare-earth activated (Ba: Sr)SO4 and (Ba: Cd) SO4 under X=irradiation”, Paper No. B14, p.119-129National Symposium on Thermoluminiscence and its Applications, Kalpakam Nuclear Research centre, Madras, Feb 1975
11. K.L.Narayana et al.””Optical micrographs and X-ray diffraction study of thin fims of Al-Zr alloys”, 6th Materials Science Symposium on Phase transitions and Phase equilibria”, Paper No.37, Ind.Inst of Sci., Bangalore, October 17th, 1975. Also see Paper No. 38.
12. Andreas W. Momber1 (1)Faculty of Georesources and Materials Technology, RTWH Aachen, Brunsstraße 10, Hamburg, 21073, Germany Published online: 17 November 2009
Abstract The Austrian physicist Adolf G. Smekal (1895–1959) was one of the most creative and active materials scientists of the twentieth century. This paper reports about the contributions of Smekal and co-workers to the physics of fracture, fractography, fracture dynamics, micro-plasticity, and the comminution of brittle materials.
ADDENDUM:
Prof K.Rangadhama Rao has outlined very cursorily about the Rydberg constant but couldn’t be assertive boldly on the value of the Rydberg Constant of Atomic and Ionized species. In the Bohr’s theoretical value for the series constant given by the expression 2π2e2m M (ne)^2 / [ch^3(M+m)].He confirmed that “the mass correction term exists and this factor differs very little from unity and introduces only a very small change in the value of series constant. Therefore for the purpose of calculations of the formulae in this paper, the same value 109737 of the constant has been used throughout.” He also affirmed that “net charge of core with respect to the series ‘electron’ i.e. equal to ‘e’ for neutral atom, ‘2e’ for singly ionized, ‘3e’for doubly-ionized atoms & and so on “. He was more obsessed with the series limit changing from 4R to 16R according to Bohr’s visible and Sommerfeld X-ray formulae. Regarding ‘the corresponding lines’ he stated on page 93 of his D.Sc. (Madras) thesis that “the spectrum is generally displaced towards the region of shorter wavelengths as we pass from Ag I to Sn IV as a result of the increase in the constant of the series from R to 16R” .He states in his thesis on page 50 that “A careful study was made of the Spark Spectra of these elements under different conditions of excitations --- ionization of the elements of Ga, In, Tl (and Sn)”. He gave the observational data based on Quantum Theory and Spin considerations and as well Zeeman effect splitting etc. of spectroscopy and on modern physics thoughts the series lines analysis for also AgI to CdII and CuI to ZnII further from CuI to GaIII. His work on optical spectra doublets is monumental. The research made by him in the years 1920-1925 as a Madras University, Andhra Research Scholar with the Ultra Violet and other conditions of excitations establishes the possibility of a new type of Fermions Quanta, at X-Ray and Extreme Ultra Violet spectral regions and has not been completely spelled out by him in view of the then existing authorities views and peer reviewers of Modern Physics.
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Abstract The Austrian physicist Adolf G. Smekal (1895–1959) was one of the most creative and active materials scientists of the twentieth century. This paper reports about the contributions of Smekal and co-workers to the physics of fracture, fractography, fracture dynamics, micro-plasticity, and the comminution of brittle materials.
ADDENDUM:
Prof K.Rangadhama Rao has outlined very cursorily about the Rydberg constant but couldn’t be assertive boldly on the value of the Rydberg Constant of Atomic and Ionized species. In the Bohr’s theoretical value for the series constant given by the expression 2π2e2m M (ne)^2 / [ch^3(M+m)].He confirmed that “the mass correction term exists and this factor differs very little from unity and introduces only a very small change in the value of series constant. Therefore for the purpose of calculations of the formulae in this paper, the same value 109737 of the constant has been used throughout.” He also affirmed that “net charge of core with respect to the series ‘electron’ i.e. equal to ‘e’ for neutral atom, ‘2e’ for singly ionized, ‘3e’for doubly-ionized atoms & and so on “. He was more obsessed with the series limit changing from 4R to 16R according to Bohr’s visible and Sommerfeld X-ray formulae. Regarding ‘the corresponding lines’ he stated on page 93 of his D.Sc. (Madras) thesis that “the spectrum is generally displaced towards the region of shorter wavelengths as we pass from Ag I to Sn IV as a result of the increase in the constant of the series from R to 16R” .He states in his thesis on page 50 that “A careful study was made of the Spark Spectra of these elements under different conditions of excitations --- ionization of the elements of Ga, In, Tl (and Sn)”. He gave the observational data based on Quantum Theory and Spin considerations and as well Zeeman effect splitting etc. of spectroscopy and on modern physics thoughts the series lines analysis for also AgI to CdII and CuI to ZnII further from CuI to GaIII. His work on optical spectra doublets is monumental. The research made by him in the years 1920-1925 as a Madras University, Andhra Research Scholar with the Ultra Violet and other conditions of excitations establishes the possibility of a new type of Fermions Quanta, at X-Ray and Extreme Ultra Violet spectral regions and has not been completely spelled out by him in view of the then existing authorities views and peer reviewers of Modern Physics.
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