INTELLECT INDIA [Part A] by Professor Dr. Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana

trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com

Volume 2013, Issue No.5, June 23, 2013, Time: 9h05m A. M.

INTELLECT INDIA

[Part A]

by

Professor Dr. Kotcherlakota Lakshmi Narayana

{Retd. Prof. of Physics, SU, Kolhapur}, 17-11-10, Narasimha Ashram, Official Colony, Maharanipeta.P.O, Visakhapatnam-530002

Mobile No: 9491902867 & 9594717723

ORIGINAL DRAFT ON: 23^rd July 2011 : 18h01mPM

ABSTRACT

                        National consciousness of India cannot be undermined by forces of political or other means of either supportive or derogatory remarks. The amazing effort, contribution from A to Z of the so-called advanced nations of the West or the newly emerging derogatory forces of thrust on India cannot be overestimated as to just wipe out the Gandhi Land and its Hindu Faith.Treasures of vast knowledge of the ancient India though exists in dust bins survives the onset of time and the unprecedented waves of modernity. The young and the children of India are a lot of essential creativity and they gear to the intermingling of the vast potential of newer civilizations. The idea of what is fundamental and what survives with dignity of the India Nation is a very open question just as India country was open since the past multitude ages of human existence. What is art that held the other countries truly to hold obviously survives in its purity only in India. The reason is the variety of languages of expression that exist in India. It is contributory to the Diversity of the Nation (sequel to varied onset of foreign invasions and ruthless suppression in the name of faith and religion).

Preamble

            The successive Indian Governments have not made any serious attempt to preserve the ancient knowledge in India by way of securing the safety and durability of the ancient hand written Pothis (The Palm leaves books). The treasure of vast knowledge is being thrown away into dust bins. Politically aggressive People and some Governments of India have become more interested in the wealth, associated with the temples but not the knowledge treasures, with the Pundits, Purohits, Swamis, Sadhus and Gurus etc sects of real Vedhantanists in India. The missionaries of Hindu Dharma are being treated as of a Fundamentalist Nature. The danger of their callous attitude is that in future, there would be no chance of original & creative power in India and, we are forced to borrow, beg and be contended with throw away chips of the foreign nations.  Their lukewarm attitude and plunging the people of India, to mimicry of the western civilization, is presently the greatest Himalayan Blunder. The answer they give is that the modern trend is with youngsters and there is that flow which we cannot undermine. But with this escapive attitude the very National Consciousness of the India is being sacrificed.   

Fig.1

                     It was said by a western writer in 18^th century that he was surprised to note that even a house-wife in India is able to calculate and predict when the eclipses would occur. I am surprised to note that a 96years old Lady by name Shrimathi Duvuuri Lalithammba, has ascertained that by a meticulously correct calculation following the Indian Lunar Almanac that she has completed the 100 years and 4 months of living by the end of July 31^st 2011 having born in Visakhapatnam on the 14^th May 1914 in early hours. This shows that how deep the oneness with the Cosmos and Universe has engulfed the people of India by educational skills, professional expertise and the fine arts of promotion. This could be achieved by the Intellect India because they have handed over “the formula game” to the common people of the excellent findings they made in Astronomy, Astrophysics, Cosmos, Creation of the Universe, Medicine, Industry Manufacture, Building & Construction etc activities of human endeavor for better living and survival of an Intellect Knowledge based Society. Of immense significance is that India is the only country on this Globe, which has evolved a calendar, based on the Constellations of the sky and even identified ordinary trees, flowers birds and other living creatures of their life association with the Constellations. Max Mueller argued on India said “ It took nearly 200 years for us to Christianize the whole of Africa, but even after 400 years, India eludes us, I have come to realize, that it is Sanskrit which has enabled India to do so. And to break it I have decided to learn Sanskrit. The soul of India lies in Sanskrit”. Warren Hastings, a Governor General of India, wrote in the preface of the English translation of Bhagavatha-Gita by Wilhem Von Humboldt (1767-1835) “that works like Bhagavatha-Gita will survive when the British dominion in India shall have long ceased to exist and when the sources which it once yielded of wealth and power are lost to remembrance”.

The Gift of INTELLECT INDIA

                        The Gift of INTELLECT INDIA to the world is Democracy that had its firm roots in India since ancient times. The dictorial attitude was never tolerated in India. This was so as per the official report submitted by Sir Charles Napier Metcalf to British Parliament“The village communities are little republics having nearly everything they want within themselves. They seem to last when nothing else lasts. Dynasty after dynasty tumbles, revolutions succeeds revolution, but the village community remains the same.”  The Licchavi capital of Vaishali had about 7707 kings, 7707 Viceroys, 7707 generals, and 7707 treasures. Nyasa region of Indus Valley bordering present Pakistan and Afghanistan, with the King Aculphis had a council of 300 wisemen around him and it was an example of Gana Rajya. The Sundaravarada Temple in Uttereswara Kanchipuram, had democracy 1000 years ago, and the inscriptions on the monuments reveal various aspects of a fully fledged democratic administration.

Panini Grammar

                     Panini born in Shalihotra is an ancient Indian grammarian of Sanskrit language. It’s interesting to note that Prof. S. Kak from USA wrote several articles on the relevance of Panini Grammar with all its formulas and rules of syntax, as a perfect computer science.SAGE Panini in 500AD has identified the system of democracy prevalent in ancient India in terms of Janapada, Sanghas and Ganas. The Janapada is again mentioned as Ayudhiya–Praya i.e. essentially the role of soldiers, Sreni Praya consisting of Craftsmen, traders, agriculturalists etc. Greeks adopt it as Assembly, Germans copied it in the form of Moot and the Romans termed it as Agora. The Vahika in North East of India had a cluster of 100 families who have organized themselves as Ganas. [Democracy in Ancient India a book by Steve Muhlberger] People’s activities are divided into the form of Samitis, Sabhas, Sanghas, Vidhatas, Parishads, Samudaya and Samaana groups for effecetively play the role of enlightening the common man.

The Saraswati-Indus Civilization

                 The natural spring sourcs of water all in Kashmir and Himalayas have been tracked, identified and named by the ancient Rushis and piligrims of India. Ramayan dating back to 150,000 years ago epic mentions the Brahmin Kingdom of Kubera, the Wealth God a brother of mighty Ravana, byond the ranges of Himalayas deep into the outskirts of Tibet and other North Countries. Ramayana specifies the description of Pushpak Vimana of Kubera forcibly stolen by his brother Ravana and Sri Rama after killing the demon king Ravana returned the pushpak Vimana to Kubera of Northmost country kingdom of India beyond the mountain ranges of Himalayas. The Hanuman brought Sarada Devi to Kasmir Vally to a place in Ganderbal district where a temple of ist devi of Kashmir Brahmins exists by name Kheer Bhavani. The temple has a natural spring water source, of green color. The hazardous and untoward happenings of the Kashmir valley changes the color of spring water to black and Sopori Brahmins of that place perform Yagna to purify water and restore the positive energy and rejuvenating features ofd the place.

                 The depth and astounding perfection of ancient Indian science and technology is staggering. India's indigenous technologies were very sophisticated, they take account of the design, architecture, execution and environmental planning of water supply, traffic flow, natural air conditioning, complex stone work, and construction engineering. The Indus-Sarasvati Civilization was the world's first to build designed towns with multistoried buildings, underground drainage, civil sanitation, hydraulic engineering, and air-cooling architecture. The other ancient civilizations of the world were only small towns with one central complex, but this civilization had the distinction of being spread across many towns, covering a region about half the size of Europe. Weights and linguistic symbols were standardized across this vast geography, for a period of over 1,500 years, from around 3,000 BC to 1500 BC. Oven-baked bricks were invented in India in approximately 4,000 BC. Over 900 of the 1,500 known settlement sites discovered so far are in India. One cannot over look the fact that the Great Wall of China used backed bricks, a Science & Technology marvel of ancient India of building towns, pathways with wide enough for vehicular traffic and other artifacts manufacture. The Saraswati -Indus Civilization people they were world’s most peace loving and harmony of world trade culture in the known human history of the various civilizations.

But not the knowledge treasures

                   Recently Tirupati Temple authority has decided to grow these “STAR” associated trees in the Temple’s Garden. Amla for Bharani Nakshtra, Nuxvomica for Aswini, Ficus for Kruthiika, Acacia for Mrugasira, Baboo for Punarvasu, Ficus Religiousa for Pushyami, Ficus Bengalese for Magha and Butea for Pubbha. All most all the festivals in India celebrated with a great reverence have a direct link with the Cosmos and the movement of the Moon and the Sun in the background of the fixed Stars of the Constellations. About 108 star clusters they have adopted to make routine calculations to fix the auspicious moments to perform the main celebrations in the temples or even in individual family homes. The link with the Cosmos and the Universe of the far distance is an astounding thought process of the ancient Indians. Does it mean that every home, city, palace or temple etc., is built as a replica of the Universe, as known even to date, with the carefully calculated minute details of orientation and flow of the rays of the Cosmos? The Sun transit across the equator from the south to the north has been identified eons ago and till to-date is celebrated as SANKRANTHI. The festival of three days is a reflection of INTELLECT INDIA towards the celestial events calculated to the extreme details of up to microseconds of both the Solar and Lunar calendars.

                           In fact the combination of the three qualities viz. expression, rhyme and rhythm i.e. Bhava, Raga, and Tala go into the determination of the term Bha-Ra-Ta, which is used as the name of one dance style viz. Bharata Natyam. There are 108 combinations of the hands and feet in the Dance that grips the audience into a stance of enlightenment. The Bhagini Sanskrithi Samithi and Shree Jagarana Jna Prabhodhini both institutes are enrolling out 13 years trained female Vedansists who have learnt from experts of Kasi Pundits all the  four Vedas, Upanishads along with martial arts and allowed to get from distant education a degree of their interest and aptitude..  So far 800 graduates have come out. The Vedanthanist girl disciples in the Gurukula are allowed to view TV, read News papers, but undergo rigorous Vedic training of simple food, cold water bathing, yoga asanas practice, yoga, surya namaskarams, daily Puja and become experts in recitation of the slokas in regional languages, English and as well give explanations for them, at public meetings and seminar meetings. They wear Yagnopveetham, and allowed to visit their parents once in a year for 15 days only. They graduate with the degrees by the age of 21 years as “Acharyani”. Pune is the centre of this hub.

                    "The Hindu religion is the only one of the world's great faiths dedicated to the idea that the Cosmos itself undergoes an immense, indeed an infinite, number of deaths and rebirths. It is the only religion in which the time scales correspond, to those of modern scientific cosmology. Its cycles run from our ordinary day and night to a day and night of Brahma, 8.64 billion years long. Longer than the age of the Earth or the Sun and about half the time since the Big Bang. And there are much longer time scales still."  Refer: Kota Venkata Chelam’s BlogSpot on Ancient Indian History.

                     Swami Vivekananda said three quarters of the wealth of the world has come out of India and does even now. Commerce of India and maritime export was the turning point of History of the World. That is why the foreign countries and the pirates of the seas, wanted to search for India and Discovered America. The Greeks who got the benefits from INTELLECT INDIA became powerful. Similarly Romans became powerful as a mighty Empire. Even the British became world power with the knowledge stolen enormous wealth from India. Military discipline and organized warfare with secret services, was learnt from India using Kautilya Artha Sashtra.  The education that Indian students are getting now framed by the British Raj has some good points but it has tremendous disadvantage, since it is a negative education. The idiotic educational system teaches that father is a fool, grandfather is a lunatic and all teachers are hypocrites and especially the fact that the sacred books of India (INTELLECT INDIA) are a pack of lies. By the age of sixteen the young Indian develops as a mass of negation, lifeless and boneless.

               The more, therefore, the Indians study the past, the more glorious would be the future for them. Any attempt to bring the past to the door step of everyone in India is the great benefactor of the Nation. A nation that has no history of its own has nothing in this world.

Said Mahatma Gandhi of India in October 1931 under British Raj as:

 ”Today India is more illiterate than it was fifty or hundred years ago and so is Burma, because the British administrators, when they came to India, instead of taking hold of things as they were, began  to root them out. They scratched the soil and left the root exposed and the beautiful tree perished.” 

SACRED TRETISES of INTELLECT INDIA

                      “Sacred Books of the East” by Frederick Max- Muller, who spent a fortune time of 45 years in India, an experienced Sanskrit Scholar, intelligent, treacherous and a ruthless agent of the British Raj in India has been of a great instrument to the British invaders of India, to totally obliviate, distort and damage the sacred books in India. With this act the world has lost a treasure of house of the left Knowledge (after the Muslim plundering, loot and destruction) much an heinous act like the burning away in  1194AD of the Nalanda library of Manuscripts numbering about 27 lakhs by Khilji.

 INTELLECT INDIA asserts “Mitrasya Chakslusa samiksha mahay” see the world with eyes of friendliness. “sam-gacchatwam” travel together: “ Sam-vadatwam” let us speak with one voice.  The positive way of thinking says let us recognize one mind of humanity, let us share the food and eat it together in harmony. We should strive to live together.

                       “samani vaakutih samana hrdayani vah

                        Samana mastru va mana yatha vah susahasati”

( Atherva Veda 6.64.4)

The Muslims the Western Invaders and during the British Raj this understanding was suppressed and India fell in the hands of unimaginable TRAITORS OF HUMANITY.

The four Vedas are: 1. Rig-Veda 2. Yajur Veda 3. Sama Veda 4. Atharva Veda: Associated with them are the Four are what are known as: 1. Samhita (deals with Mantra) 2. Brahamana (explains karmic stages) 3. Arnyakam (Details Philosophy and Meta Physical) 4. Upanishad (knowledge of Cosmos and its secrets with a special reference to Moksha).

Taittiriya Upanishad specifies to all the students of Vedas,

                          “Vedamannuchyacaryo ntevasinamanusasti,

                            Satyam vada, dharmam chara, svadhyayan ma pramadah,

                     Acharyaya priyam dhanam ahrtya prajatantum ma vyavacchestsih,

                             Satyan na pramaditavyam, dharman na pramaditavyam,

                        Kusalan na pramadirtvyam, bhutyaina pramaditavyam,

                                  svadhyaya pravaca na pramaditvyam,

                            devapitri karyabhyam na pramaditavyam.” Means:

Having taught the Veda the teacher instructs pupil speak the truth, practice virtue. Let there be no neglect of your daily reading. Having brought to the teacher the wealth that is pleasing, to him, do not cut off the thread the offspring. Let there be no neglect of welfare. Let there be no neglect of prosperity. Let there be no neglect of study and teaching. Let there be no neglect of the duties to the gods and the parents. (Of Bharat the infinity by C. Sivasankaram, LBC, Vizag)

There are six VEDANGANAS

1. Sikkshaa Sastram; Nose of Veda Purusha: (Phonretic Science, Pitch, mode, timing, condence, strength etc of Veda Mantras or Hymns)

2. Vyakaranam: Mouth of Veda Purusha:  (Gives grammar, nouns, adjectives, propositions, placement, pronunciation etc. Panini Ashtadhyayi and commentary by Patanjali known as Maha Bhasyam)

3. Chandas: Feet of Veda Purusha: (Prosody, meter of Vedic verses number of letters, Pingala works are wonderful in this context) Pingala 200BC gave Chandas Sastra. Gayatri chandas

 “Gayatre sadsamkhyamardhes pamite dvyankeavasista

Srasyasteeshah rupamapuniya  Dvyankashah sunyam sthapyam!!”

4. Niruktham: Ear of Veda Purusha: (Etymology, Vedic words, context, cryptic etc features)

5. Jyotishya: Eyes of Veda Purusha: (Vedic yagnas, mathematics, Astronomy calculations, Science of Light, Correlates Planetary influence on Earth’s events and individuals)

6. Kalpa Sutras: Hands of Veda Purusha: ( Vedic act, performance in the form of Sutras, 1. Guhya 2. Srotas. Ghuya Sutras deal with purification, ceremonies, Seemantham, Namkaranam, Anna Prasanam, Upanayanam, Vivaham, Sasthipurthi, Dhana Samskara, Shraada etc) Srota Sustras elaborate on measurements  and methods of constructing vedic alters, platforms and performing sacrifices and on the methods of Yagna. Baudhayana, Apathamba, Mannava, Mittrivarma, wrote on both the Srota and Guhya Sutras. Katyayaynana and Drayayaka wrote commentary on Gruhya Sotras.

Veda Bhashyam

                  Madhavacharya had written commentary on 40 sukthas of Rig-Veda. Batta Bhaskara wrote commentary on Krishna Yajurveda. Mahidara wrote commentary on Shukla Yajurveda.Sayanacarya wrote commentaries on all four Vedas which are very popular and regarded by Foreigners also as an authority on Vedas.

Upanganas

            I. Mimasa:  1. Purva. (Deals with Karma Khanda, Mantra & Yagna methods etc.Jaimini Sutras give all details)

                                  2. Uttar. (Deals with Upanishads, Brahma sutras, Jhana Khanda)

            II. Nyaya: School of logic and reasoning. Questioning authority given and gives out the answers to queries. 1. Nyaya by Gautam 2. Vaisheshika Nyaya Darshan: (Kannada had written about the Physics, Chemistry and Cosmology etc science aspects)

            III. Puranas: They present the details of Past Vedic culture giving Dharma practice, people of the past, and they are numbered as 18. Apart from it are Ithihasas. 1. Ramayana 2. Mahabharata.

             IV. Dharma Sutras: Smrithis elaborate on ethics, human behavior suited for liberation of recycling births, Qualifications of Vedic performance and other related aspects. Manu, Parasara, Yagnavalka (one sect of Niyogi Brahmins in Andhra Pradesh belonging to this Rushi live even to date in Jagruthi Nagar of Visakhapatnam), Gautama and Yama had written extensively on these Dharma Sutras.

Satavadhanam, Asthavadhanam

 & Sahshra Avadhanam feats

                     The fantastic language and mathematical genius has been expounded in the feats that are performed by the learned scholars in India. The Asthavadhanam that is practiced and adopted even today by the scholars and also the modern learned of the Vedic principles do demonstrate the power of INTELLECT INDIA.

The feat involves for example the 1. Nishidha Akshara, 2. Niyanthi. 3. Data padi, 4. Samasya purnam 5. Varnana  6. Asuvu  7. Purana Patanam 8. Aprastutha Prasangam, etc., to which the performer responds with equal dexterity and completes the poetic presentation with perfect Chandas (i.e. grammar). In asthavadhanam he thus faces 8 different pundits with their thoughtful presentations to defeat the performer. While satavadhanam and sahshra avadhanam are outstanding feats of facing 100 and 1000 pundits simultaneously to complete the feat of composing a sloka as per the rules for successful completion of the feat. This involves all kinds of tactful presentations to the just one performer who skillfully faces all the pundits. Nowhere in the world of civilizations over the bygone ages, has such an INTELLECTUAL game of performer existed. This is what India is!

               Vedas are chanted in lines of fixed letters or syllables. Chandas specifies the number of letters in each pada, and prescribes total number of padas in a Mantra. The Mantra has the meaning that is popularly known as the Hymn of a sacred verse or of a treatise.  Mantra itself is a GURU.

In Chandas of Indian Languages it is stated that:

                One matra that is regarded as Laghu, Two matras are regarded as Guruvu in a pada or in a hymn. Especially in Sanskrit and Telugu they are strictly followed. Nanayya a TELUGU POET wrote Amarkosam the first dictionary of the World, for Sanskrit to Telugu and initiated the Chandas prescribed translations or original transcriptions of RAMAYANAM and BHAGAVATHAM. Here it is to be stated that Telugu was probably the fore-runner of the Indian Languages, since it has its origin in Brahmi Script and has 56 letters that are associated with the CHAKRAS of human being to be able to UNFOLD himself to the viswarupa with a kundalini power.

             

              Observation of Chandas and presentations through it in a HARMONIUS RECITATION AND VOICE is itself regarded as Veda Purusha. That is chandas is called the feet of Veda Purusha. It is a systematic and syntax powered “March of words”.

              Chaad means happiness. Chandas means while uttering the happiness is with rhythm in-built. Essentially it is a form of ORDER and HARMONY. Einstein, the great GENIUS of 20^th century as per the Western thinkers, sought for a deterministic order of the universe but failed to realize the harmony of human INTELLECT. Indians have achieved it eons ago.

Vedic meter or prosody

               Hymns or Mantras subtly produce vibrations of sound (shruthis) for presentation of Veda Knowledge. Chanting of these in repeated times are a very important. There are four Chandas forms:

            1. Anadhistra Chandas (one to five syllables) examples are Ukta, atyuktha, Madhya, prathista, suprathishista)

            2. Bruhat Chandas: ( 6 or 12 syllables)  Forms of it are also a. Gayatri (8 syllables in a pada and three padas in total) b. Anusthuthh( 8 syllables in a pada &  four padas) c. Brhati(  9 syllables & 4 padas) d. Pankti( 10 syllables and 4 padas) e. Tristubh( 11 syllables & 4 padas) f. Jagati (12 syllables and 4 padas)

            3. Ati Chandas (13 to 19 syllables and 4 padas) sub-classification exists as Ati sakvari. .Asti, Ati Jaati, Sakvari, Atyasti, Druti, atidruti

            4. Kriti chandas (20 to 26) sub-classification as kriti, prakriti, akruti, vikruthi, abhikriti, utkrutri.

PURUSHA SHUKTHA in Rig-Veda specifies the origin of Chandas in 10.09.9 verse.

Pingala specified that that the Vedic meter, if has excess of one letter is called Bharika, and if two letters excess it is known as Swarat. And one letter is the shortage then it is nibrath and if two letters are of shortage it is termed as virat.

A metrical form is the basis of several versions of Sanskrit poetic works. Dance drama, devotional songs like that of Thyagaraja, or devotional verses etc all aspects of poetic literature have their roots firmly held in Vedic chandas.

                                      “yete panthino bhava janyana

                                       Nathasya vartmanasacca yatave

                                       Yaih sancarantyubhaye bhadrapanpastam

                                       Panthanan jayemana mitramataskarani

                                       Yaccivan tena nomrad”

Athar veda 12-1-47 hymn.

            Sage Valmiki wrote Ramayana in Anustabha Chandas i.e. of 8 syllables and 4 padas.The adoration hymn to Hiranyagarbha (Rig-Veda V. X. 121) that is therein described as the lord of the universe.

                                       "In the beginning rose Hiranyagarbha,
                                        Born as the only lord of all existence.
                                        This earth he settled firm and heaven established:
                                         What god shall we adore with our oblations?
                                        Who gives us breath, who gives us strength, whose bidding
                                        all creatures must obey the bright gods even;
                                       whose shade is death, whose shadow life immortal:
                                      What god shall we adore with our oblations?
                                      Who by his might alone became the monarch
                                      of all that breathes, of all that wakes or slumbers,
                                     of all, man and beast, the lord eternal:
                                       What god shall we adore with our oblations?
                                        Whose might and majesty these snowy mountains,
                                        The Ocean and the distant stream exhibit;
                                        whose arms extended are these spreading regions:
                                        What god shall we adore with our oblations?
                                         Who made the heavens bright, the earth enduring,
                                        who fixed the firmament, the heaven of heavens;
                                        who measured out the air's extended spaces:
                                        What god shall we adore with our oblations?"

Or one may point to such hymns as the following:

                                        "Who is our father, our creator, maker,
                                         who every place doth know and every creature,
                                         by whom alone to gods their names were given,
                                       to him all other creatures go to ask him."

             

                         But such hymns are not numerous and probably belong to the last epoch of the composition of the Vedic hymns. Most of the Vedic hymns exhibit a conspicuous tendency toward the polytheistic personification of nature. From most of them the monotheistic tendency is well-nigh absent.

                      To get a feel of Vedic physical sciences, reference to a few hymns are given. The Sun never sets or rises and it is the earth, which rotates (Sama-Ved 121). The gravitational effect of solar system makes the earth stable (Rig-Veda 1-103-2, 1-115-4 and 5-81-2). The axle of the earth does not get rusted and the earth continues to revolve on its axle (Rig-Veda 1-164-29). The science of Time and its subtle nature is described in (Rig-Veda 1-92-12 and 1-95-8). The need to study the properties of water, air and fire for discovering and manufacturing aircrafts, ships and other vehicles capable of moving in the firmament, land and water are mentioned in Rig Veda 1-3-1,2, 1-34-1, 1-140-1 and many other hymns. Reference to infinite number of both gross and subtle atoms and the energy principle as spirit of God in each atom is given in Rig-Veda 5-47-2 and Sama Veda 222. Atoms and sub atomic particles are not inert and have unsuspected vitality owing to this energy principle. Physical sciences relating to agriculture, medicine, astronomy mathematics particularly algebra, toxicology etc. are described in Rig-Veda 1-71-9, 4-57-5, Sama Veda 121 and many other hymns.

            In the Vedas scientists are described as men and women of absolute self-control, truthful with scientific outlook and destroyers of miseries (Rig-Veda, 1-3-4). With the help of these scientists one could travel far on the earth and also in the sky through conveyances, which run and touch the middle region (Rig-Veda1-3-1, 6-22-2 and 1-22-2). Such scientists from both the sexes go across to distance places quickly like the mind and electricity (Rig-Veda1-71-9). In this hymn aircrafts and even space ships are hinted. These ashvinaus should be well versed in Physics, agricultural sciences (Rig-Veda4-57-5), medical sciences (Rig-Veda 5-74-3), astronomy (Sama Veda. 121) and other sciences.Ashvinaus have been advised to learn thoroughly about Prakrti (divine Nature), characteristics and various qualities of water, air, fire, electricity and heat and sound energy. Other sciences mentioned are Toxicology and use of various kinds of medicines and drugs (Rig-Veda  1-191-14), science of Time (Kala vidya) that starts with dawn (Usha).Rig-Veda 1-95-2, and 10, refers to use of time for mathematics. There is a mention of infra red rays, study of Algebra (Rekha di ganit vidya), sound as a medium of knowledge for various sciences, diseases like bile, cough, jaundice and others and their treatment etc.

The relevant hymns in this regard are in Rig-Veda 1-185-2, 1-12-1, 2,                    1-22-1 to 4, 1-2-3, 1-95-1, 1-101-1 and many others.

The Sastras of INTELLECT INDIA

Akshara –Laksha  Sastra: Written by sage Valmiki quoting earlier writers like Kashyapa, Ganapati, Soorya, Brihaspati, Jaimini, Hanuman and others. Different topics about 325 are covered like geometry, Algebra, Trigonometry,Physics, Applied Physics, Applied Mathematics, Hyderals, motion of Air, Heat, electricity flow, etc.

Sabda Sastra:

Kandik Rishi wrote it giving the details of sound, echos, etc in five chapters. Capturing of sound and reproducing it, pitch of sound its velocity etc are given.

Lakhshma Sastra: Sakatayana sage gave it about sex of animate and with inanimate as well.

Kanya-Laksha Sastra: Babhru Muni gave in it about 32 marks for chastity of women etc.

Skunna Sastra: Sage Garg has given what is good or bad effects from sounds of beasts, birds, and of a human being as well, possibly known as omens.

Shilpa Sastra: Sage Kashyapa gave it in 22 chapters, and detailed 307 verities of shilpas, 11 types of constructions, like of the temples, palaces, halls etc. Earlier Vishwakarma, Maya, Maruthi, Chayapurusha thoughts were incorporated in the writings of this Sastra by Kashyapa.

To generate electricity: Agastya says take 1. Earthen pot 2. Copper plate 3. Copper sulphate 4. Wet saw dust 5. Zinc amalgam.

               “samsthapya mrnmayam patram tamrapatram susamskrtam

                 Cadoyet sikhigrivena cardra bhih kasthapamsubhih

                 Dastalosto nidhatatvah paradaccachitastatah

                 Utpadayati tanmitrm samyogastamaradstayoh”

               The hydrogen(udajani) and oxygen( prana vayuvu) are liberated. The use of udajani as fuel in air craft has mentioned in Agastya Samhita Shila Sastrasara.

Sup Sastra: This deals with art of cooking. 108 varities of preparations, condiments, pickle to sweetmeats, cookies, puddings, cakes, and 3032 kinds of dishes for people living in different parts of world.

Malinear Sastra: Sage Rishyasringa gave about flower arrangements, horticulture, garlands, bouguets, hair-do’s, loving making with written letters or words on flower petals, with code languages, and contains about 16 chapters.There is a village in Uttar Pradesh by name Kanoj, where since the year 600AD under the king Harsha Vardhana has established an industry of production of perfumes, which obviously attracted the attention of Moguls, who are very mad after the beautiful girls of India along with perfumes and sexual enjoyment. The Emperor Akbar mentions in his book Iee-Ni-Akbar devoting a full page on the perfumes produced in Kanoj. He gave full support to the perfume industry in that small village. Every street of this village has a speciality of perfume production each with its own flower extracts and medicinal herbs. Now there are only 650 families in this business of several centuries old. Arora distillery managing director belongs to a seventh generation descendent of preparing Atthars.They use even the barks of the trees for the production of these fragrant scents. 100 gms of Hina perfume costs about Rs.12000/

Kala Sastra: Lord Karttikeya gave details of “time”, defined periods, stated both the auspicious and the inauspicious moments, and the deities that preside over each house etc.

Samudrika Sastra: Lord of ocean Vishnu, amplitudes of waves etc are given and Narada, Varaha, Mandavya, Karttika developed it further and includes details of Palmistry.

Dhatu Sastra:

Given by Aswini kumaras, contains 7 chapters, making of artifacts, combination and transmutation of elements by alchemy, conversion of base metals to noble metals etc were dealt in this significant treatise.

Visha Sastra: All kinds of poisons, with 32 kinds of their properties, effects, anti dotes etc are prescribed

Chitra Sastra:  Bhima wrote it giving 12 chapters material on 200 kinds of drawings, drawing technique of a person with the use of a single strand of hair, or from the sample of a nail, or from the sample of a bone.

Malla Sastra: This exists in 3 parts, giving details of 82 kinds of gymnastics, sports, and 24 kindas of athletic actions, including the details of hand-to-hand fight in a warfare.

Parakaya Pravesha: Valakhilya gave 32 kinds of yoga for it, and 8 types of siddhis, and gave details of Arima and Mahima etc.

Ashwa Sastra: Agnivarma, Details of Horses, physiology, identification of them, and nature by the marks on their bodies, and details of training etc. King Nala was an expert in Ashwa chikitsa. Pandav Kings Nakala & Sahadeva had the knowledge of cattle science. Salihotra 800BC Father of Veternary Science Haya-Ayurveda: 12000 verses, 8 parts, this is not available.1.Horses 2. Disease of cattle 3. Gynecology of horses, pregnancy, venereal disease. Rearing, oral doses for dysentery treatment 4. Food 5. And 6. Planetary influences on horses. 7 implements of veterinary doctor 8. Physical signs, marks on horses and their significance. Agni, Garuda and Matsya Puranas give about Haya- Ayurveda.

Gaja Sastra:  Kumarswamy gave details of Elephants, 16 methods of training them etc. Dasaratha king had an expert doctor on Gajayurveda.

Ratna Parikha Sastra: Sage Vatsyana gave it, explaining the nine gems, 24 characteristics of them, their forms, weights, and 32 methods of testing their purity.  

Mahendrajala Sastra: Scienc and technology of Magic and mantrajala given by Veerabahu. He was lieutenant of Lord Subramanian. Theory of illusion, like walking on water, riding in air techniques is also given.

Shakti Sastra: Sage Agastya gave it. 8 chapters, explaining the mulaprakriti, Maya etc. 64 kinds of external  shaktis of Sun, Moon, Air, and Fire etc. Atomic view point was presented!

Soudamani Kala Sastra:  Sage Matanga described all kinds of phenomenon can be generated and attracted by use of Shadows, and even ideas can be captured away from a distance, gives details of photography like interior of mountains without digging them, of earth etc.

Mega Sastra: Sage Atri gave it. 12 kinds of clouds, characteristics, 12 kinds of rain, 64 kinds of lightning, 32 verities of thunderbolts.

Yantra Sastra: Bhardwaja gave it. 339 types of vehicles on land, 783 varieties of boats, 108 varieties of air ships, mantra, tantric, gandharva (invisible) semi-divine, etc

Sthaptya Vidya Sastra: Civil works, Architecture, town planning, etc:

                     Modern sepoy mutiny in 1857 led by Mangal Pandey against British Raj had its roots in the sacrilege made to Cow but was suppressed, by import of troops who were paid handsomely from Burma, loyal to British Raj. In Bhopal, there was one family that maintained a Agnihotra, place of worship with a perennial fire yagna, using cow dung cakes and,  the great tragedy of poisonous Gases by Union Carbide collapse has been thwarted unknowingly, and this family that survived, since the smoke from coke-dung cakes punctured the poisonous gases hazards most successfully.

                However, the greater emphasis is on the development of Scientific  Temper amongst the members of Society with a view to curb spread of blind faith, hypocrisy, miracle and ostentatious worship of God. Thus the knowledge of Vedic sciences is meant to save the human beings from falling into an utter darkness as Isa Upanishad and the last chapter of Yajur Veda caution us. The unity in diversity is the message of Vedic physical and metaphysical sciences. While matter is the cause of diversity owing to three primordial subtle particles of purity, activity and passivity present in it, the spirit (jiva) provides the necessary unity. Please refer for more details on Vedic Science- about Earth, Sun, Gravitation, Moon, Eclipse, telegraphy, ships, aircrafts and  many other  http://www.aryasamajjamnagar.org.

            The Vedas combine science with metaphysics and clearly mention that it is God who is the giver of knowledge of all sciences as "Sahstra sam " (Rig-Veda 1-10-11). The scientists are advised to study cause and effect of all material elements and also how the objects are produced and there after utilize these properly (Rig-Veda 5-47-3). By following these guidelines they can alleviate much suffering of the people (Rig-Veda 5-77-4). Without the knowledge and practical application of physical sciences, it is not possible to eradicate poverty and attain prosperity (Rig-Veda 1-34-1 to 5). For more details on Vedic science and many other divine, spiritual and material Vedic subjects kindly see "Glimpses of Vedic physics" available on Internet for on line reading. For movement of Earth refer to Rig-Veda10-22-14, Rig-Veda10-149-1(Gravitational force of Sun), Rig-Veda  8-12-28 and 30, 1-6-5 for the power of Sun to hold the Earth and other planets, Moving planets do not collide Rig-Veda  1-164-13, Yajur-Veda 33-43, Atharva-Veda 4-11-1

Isvasya Upanishad  shanti mantra states that

                                    “Purna madah purna midan purnat purna

                                      Mudocyate purnasya purnomdaya purnameva Vasisyate”

About zero as Purna. Brahma Gupta in 620AD in Brahma Siddhanta Siromani explained the concept of a number divided by zero to yield infinite number.

Patanjali” jatyantara parinamah prakritya purat”

Ch 4-sloka 2

Krishna to Arjuna:Bhagavatam: 4^th ch-5 sloka

                                     “ bahuni me vyatitani janmani tava carjuna

                                       Tanyaham veda sarvani natvani vettha parantapah”

I know the births that have taken place you don’t have that knowledge.

Regarding human being Bhagavatham says as follows.

                                     “ Srtya purani vivivdhenyajayatme saktyavrkshsan

                                       Sanisrpan pasun khgadamasa matsyam,

                                       Tesmai atustah hrdayah purusam vidhya

                                        Brahma valokadhisanam mudan mapadevah”

               Cosmic being manifested itself as insects, bees, trees, reptiles, and birds, fish, and animals etc living organisms but with no perfection in all these. Hence he created the human being with consciousness to be perfect and restore the perfection in other living organisms. What are divinity aspects f human beings? 1. Feeling of oneness in creation 2. Infinte power within 3. Perennial use of this power to evolve or outgrow the limitations, removes obstacles, and leads the creation to perfection.

                             “THOU-ART-THAT”  “TAT   TWAM   ASI”

                             “prithivyapasteja vayurakasam kalodigatma mana iti dravyani”

                              Vaisheshika also” vibhavanmahanaka sastasthacaratma” 7-1-22.

Sound 1. Para mindful from atman 2. Pashyti , is pattern through mind 3. Madhayana, energy reaches to throat 4. Vyka, utterance through mouth.

Letters A to Ksh

1. Kanthyas (gutmals) 2. Talavyas( palatals) 3. Murdhanyas (linguls) 4. Dantyas (dental,)5. Osthyas (labidols) etc

Eclipse
                Refer to Rig-Veda 5-40-5: The earth gets scared by sudden darkness when O: Surya you are blocked by the one to whom you have gifted your own light (Moon). On the science of Telegraphy and aircraft and ship building [refer to Rig Veda: 1-119-10, Rig Veda 1-116-3, 4, 5 and 6, 11-134-2 and 7, 1-148- 8]      

Extraordinary Materialism

            Among the extraordinary claims advanced by the Fakirs, is one that they can directly influence the growth of plants, and that they can so hasten it as to accomplish in a few hours what usually takes several months or even years.

Fig.2

 Cosmogony

Cosmogony concept of universe in spiritual terms of ancient India.

Fig.3  and Fig.3a

Universal darkness inside it the fliudous generation (birth) of 27 Nakshtras object termed Jyothishyachakram(sinsumara chakram) in similar manner(tat)  that object nine numbered Ruksha charana(Nakshtra feet) dedicated by Guruthu (gravitational centers) has occurred, with Ushnaansoha( with Surya) in Mesh Rasi (zodiac)followed by the other up to Meena Rasi(Zodiac).

 Fig.4  Painting Gujarat c 16^th Century. The life tree Universe is the panorama of reflections  and the effects produced by Light.

Fig.5  A cosmology chart painting Gujarat 16^th Century AD. From a Sagranisutra m

Ms. Depicts Loka, Universe: It pervades with its divisions and sub divisions of atmosphere and terrestrial spheres. “Aloka” concept also exists.

PRANA:

Fig.6a and Fig.6b

The concept of Prana in Hindu scriptures seems to be entirely different from the understanding it is the Life force of living object in the Universe. All forces of the Cosmos are simply the expressions of PRANA, it is the sum total of all primal energies. The centrifugal solar energies symbolize conscious awareness while the centripetal lunar energies symbolize the forces of the subconscious mind. These forces flew through the human body as psychic energies along the two main channels, the white colored lunar Ida-nadir, the subtle nerve on the left and the red colored solar pingala-nadi on the right. They move in opposite directions in the Sushumna nadi, the fire-colored middle subtle nerve in the perineum.

Fig.7

These two nerves finally unite with the Sushumna between the eyebrows. The integral solar and lunar energies are then sublimated and raised the Sahasrara chakra. Prana, the vital air that moves upward and Apana, that which has a downward motion, is the two important functions of the body. The yogi arrests the separate functions of Ida and Pingala, uniting them with Sushumna to be held there by a mudra known as KUMBHAKA.

            Thus the mind of the aspirant becomes stilled, his breath is suspended, his senses are controlled and he achieves the ultimate goal of Samadhi. Suspended. There is a very close relation between the motion of vital airs, the mind and seminal energy. The relation is so intimate that to arrest anyone stops the course of the other two. Tantra sadhana (spiritual discipline) is performed within the subtle body, there by penetrating psychic zones and activating the depths of the unconscious that lie dormant in the uninitiated. “Man cannot persist long in CONSCIOUS state”, wrote Goethe, “he must throw himself back into the unconscious, for his root lives there.”

Every individual’s respiratory cycle reacts dynamically upon the Latent Kundalini, this occurs on the average of 21,600 times a day, that is, more or less equal to the individual’s number of b breaths. However, for majority of people these breaths are both shallow and fast, filling the lungs to only a fraction of their capacity. Under the circumstances, the current of energy flowing downward to strike at the Kundalini is inadequate to awaken her.

 The primary aims of the breathing technique are to force PRANA, the upward breath, to flow downward AND STRIKE THE LATENT Kundalini, while simultaneously causing the Apana, a downward breadth, to rise. By reversing their usual directions and uniting them at the navel chakra (Manipur), great psychic heat is generated, indicating that the Kundalin is in ascent and has entered Sushumna. She is thus gaining momentum, ready to unite with Siva in the Sahasrar chakra.

            All impulse, all function and enjoyment becomes Siva-sakti. What on the cosmic plane is fusion of polarities is, on the biological level, sexual union.

The yogi and the yogini metamorphose the sex urge into energy until nothing remains of the gross or sensual in the total reconciliation of flesh and spirit. The integration is essential to experience the fullness of life. Through Tantra asana, sex liberates us from sex and we are freed to a plane of cosmic awareness. The asana itself is a means for the expression of pure joy (ananda) in which the worshipper realizes that all the elements and forces of the universe are within him. This power can be achieved and transmuted into a conscious reality by the practice of Tantra asana. Correct application is most important, for only when the body is perfectly attuned can it experience and sustain the full intensity of this cosmic state. Rather than subdue, Tantra teaches us to realize and harness the potential of the senses. Sexual instinct, an all-pervading urge, is the main stumbling block.

Vernal Equinox

The western astronomy signs of zodiac  commence from vernal equinox (vasant Sampat) in Hindu Calendar), the point of intersection of the appraent path of the Sun, Ecliptic (Kranti vritta) and the celestial equator(nandi vritta).At present vernal equinox is in Meena (pisces) Rashi, Uttar Bhadrapada Nakshtra. This is the starting point of Aries sign in Western system, while the starting point(Mesha) of Hindu system is opposite the star Spica. The angular interval between the two is twenty three degrees forty five minutes.

 Fig.8a and Fig.8b

Gnomon or Shaku Yantra

The gnomon is a simple instrument of ancient India for determining the East direction as well the time. Three types of gnomons were described by Aryabhata.

 

Fig.9

 Fig.10

Note the string of flow energies associated with the entire Universe and the 27 nakshtras as per the ancient Hindu cosmology.

MATHEMATICS OF INTELLECT INDIA

Fig.11 The Circular motions as visualized through fixed stars.

 [Ref .12 Plate 12 of Solar Orb Paintings Rajasthan in 1600AD.]

The astronomy charts of ancient India were meant to ascertain the Sun’s altitude and zenith distance and its declination; to find the declination of a planet or star to find the degrees of azimuth of a planet or star to determine celestial latitudes and longitudes; position during eclipse,etc. A common practice among astronomers has been to fix on some epoch, from which, as from radix, to compute the planetary motions.

 Fig.12

            The ancient Hindus count back to that point in time when these motions must have been in conjunction with Mesha or Aries and supposed it to be the beginning of creation. This would have been a moderate amount of years compared with the enormous periods of time mentioned in different Sanskrit texts; but, having discovered a slow motion of the modes and apside also, they found it would require a length of time corresponding with 1955884890 years then expired, and 2304115110years before they would return to the same point, thus forming together a KALPA, and assigned as one day of BRHAMA. After connecting four yugas, Satya, Treta, Dwapar and Kali, the whole duration of KALPA comes to 4320000000  years

Mathematics/Computer Science

Binary System of number representation:

              A Mathematician named Pingala (c. 100BC) developed a system of binary enumeration convertible to decimal numerals [See 3]. He described the system in his book called Chandahshaastra. The system he described is quite similar to that of Leibnitz, who was born in the 17th century.

Earliest and only known Modern Language

Fig.13

             It seems the 54 letters of Sanskrit language are derived from the Sounds produced by Lord Shiva when he was performing the Cosmic Dance playing with his dumdumluck.  See the above table of the basic 14 sounds that were produced.

             The idea that the humans learnt the language from the sounds produced by the Birds is preposterous and has been suggested by the westerners to denigrade the Indian Languages of INTELLECT INDIA.

Vedic Education System of Education

       The fact that Taxila University and the Nalanda University were the centers of Vedic Education System of teaching, practicing and applying the acquired knowledge to the human welfare at global level is of a great significance. The Rama learnt from Sage Viswamitra, and his father Dasharadha, concomitantly leant from Great Rushi Vashishta, thus the Veda education system dates beyond 1,50,000 years ago. The support of it is from Ramayana Epic which states that Lakshmana learnt administrative aspects of ruling a Kingdom from the Ravana, a Brahmin King of Sri Lanka but who by virtue of his birth lived a life of Rakshasa.

The Taxila University has been mentioned in Ramayana that his brother Bharat had established it and built the town named after his Thakshaka. According to Vayu Purana, the city was ruled by the King from Nagaland by name Takshakudu.  The Bharatam another epic, states that in the city a law establishment regulatory center was created by Janmeyajayudu the son of King Parkshith.The University had about 10,500 students with about 60 faculties. Many traders, agriculturalists, kings, ministers Ayurveda pundits, Silpa Sashtra experts etc have been products of this university. Panchatantra story writer Vishnu Sarma, Artha Sastra writer Chanukya, Ayurveda expert Charaka, and the Emperor Chandra Gupta were educated in this University. 

 Fig.14

               The Nalanda University was most probably date to the time of Krishna and Balarama. Hieun Tsang was a Chinese monk who visited India around 630, during the reign of King Harshavardhana (606-647AD).

                 The Deccan region then belonged to the Chalukyas under Pulekesin II (609-642AD) while further south was the domain of the Pallavas who had Narasimha Varman I (630-668AD) as their ruler. Hieun Tsang trekked to India through perilous mountains, ruthless deserts and hostile territories. It was the fame of India as the foremost center of Buddhist learning that inspired him to undertake such an arduous journey.

                    The university at Nalanda, now in Bihar, had attained the stature of the premier institution for Buddhist instructions. Hieun Tsang stayed for 12 years at Nalanda, first as a student and later as a tutor. Here he was titled Mokshdeva (God of Salvation). He devoted almost his entire time in India visiting monasteries and collecting Buddhist scriptures which he later translated and compiled to form seminal works on Buddhism in Chinese. Hieun Tsang’s accounts make it clear that Buddhism had far less followers than first believed. Harsha’s assembly at Kanauj in 643 served as a platform where Hieun Tsang could meet Buddhist scholars of various sects besides learned people from various faiths. The assembly featured serious discussions on several religious issues and had regular discourses from different beliefs that helped foster an atmosphere of compassion and belonging. Hieun Tsang recorded his experiences in Ta-Tang-Si-Yu–Ki, translated as Buddhist travels in the western world, because India, to the Chinese embodied the west. In it there are notes on the administrative policies of King Harshavardhana and an overview of his society. There are also detailed accounts on the functioning of the University of Nalanda. It is widely believed that these ideas reached the West through Muslim intermediaries when centers of learning in Europe adopted a similar pattern.

              The Indus-Sarasvati script is yet to be decoded it remains as a mystery how these people could have achieved such high levels of sophistication and uniformity in a dispersed complex and with no visible signs of centralized power. The Village Democratic and independent republics with the rule of Hindu Dharma have given the strength to the Extraordinary Advanced Scientific and appropriate Technology expertise with just the renewable and cheap resource material. They were world’s most peace loving and harmony of world trade culture in the known human history of the various civilizations.

            All bricks in this civilization are of the ratio 1:2:4 regardless of their size, location or period of construction. There are many pioneering items of civil engineering, such as drainage systems for water (open and closed), irrigation systems, river dams, water storage tanks carved out of rock, moats, middle-class style homes with private bathrooms and drainage, and even a dockyard; there is evidence of stairs for multiple-storied buildings; many towns have separate citadels, upper and lower towns, and fortified sections; there are separate worker quarters near copper furnaces; granaries have ducts and platforms; and archeologists have found geometric compasses, linear scales made of ivory. Indians also pioneered many engineering tools for construction, surgery, warfare etc.  These included the hollow drill, the true saw, and the needle with the hole on its pointed end.

The civilization fell to destruction firstly about 2500BC due to the invasions from the mini ruthless and barbaric Kings from the West and China. The great wars that were fought and the great human loss and suffering gave birth to the divine person like Buddha who preached peace and prosperity.

But the decline of Buddhism during the years 1000BC to 700BC led to its total destruction and the people many of them were killed and the skilled workers and youngsters were shifted away forcibly to the Chinas great wall building and construction of pyramids for their warrior rulers and kings. This is evident from the terreccota images that were recently unearthed in the land of China and the Brick & Scientific lime and other brick constructions and the wide road building activites, that were simply shifted along with the people of Saraswathi-Indus civilization as slaves and forced labor.

But again the greatest blow to the Indian Nation next to it was by Greek invader Alexander in the year 326BC who entered the Land of India crossing the Saraswathi-Indus deteriorated civilization villages. This invader was known for his atrocities of burning cities and collecting the Gold and Silver from the saint like people and from their temples and especially house-holds. The Afghanistan country was totally destroyed by him and people were killed en-mass burning their homes. The slavery led to the Greek language use by the villagers, and traces of it are visible even to-date in the remote villages.

But within 10 years time Chandra Gupta Maurya occupied the Land of Punjab and Gandharva desh and extended his empire to Turkey as well. This was till the time of King Ashoka. After that the Harappa city decayed and different Kings and Rulers couldn’t bring back its ancient glory. Actually from 700BC on wards the invasions over the land of Indus Valley and Hindu Kush Mountain Ranges of Himalayas, the abode of the Great Indian Rishis, continued till 1857AD, when British Raj firmly established itself in India with locally manufactured fire armory, and the use of Gun powder and Canon fires destroying many forts and big monumental Palaces of the Indian and Muslim rulers of India.

After Adi Sankaracharya revival of INTELLECT INDIA once again the treatises and other Sastras started to be written down and handed over to the disciples by oral training and communications.

It is now known that Amaravathi Sculpturists from Andhra Pradesh migrated to Sri Lank to build the Buddhist monuments of Anuradhapura. The very name sounds totally of Andhra Origin and even in the year 600AD the vengi’natee vela’natee Gundayya a Telugu Sculpturist, went to Karnataka Pattadikkal to build temples. In 900AD kuravadhi acharyulu shifted to Telangana Karimnagar temple construction. In 1063AD “Saqraswathi Gana” sculpturists of Saraswathi-Viranarayana temples (experts) shifted from Gadag in Karnataka to Samarlakota in Visakhapatnam District to build temples. Eastern kingdom ruler Narasimhadevudu III, in 1250AD to build the wooden doors of Konarka temple brought Tamilian expert-skilled carpenters from Pandya Desha.

Panini
                    Panini (400BC), in his Astadhyayi, gave formal production rules and definitions to describe Sanskrit grammar. Starting with about 1700 fundamental elements, like nouns, verbs, vowels and consonants, he put them into classes. The construction of sentences, common nouns etc. was explained as ordered rules operating on underlying fundamental structures. The ideas of Group theory and the concept of sub-groups and the classes, of their origin, is one of a splendid flavor of the Indian languages. This is exactly in congruence with the fundamental notion of using terminals, non-terminals and production rules of modern day Computer Science. On the basis of just under 4,000 sutras (rules expressed as aphorisms), he built virtually the whole structure of the Sanskrit language. He used a notation precisely as powerful as the Backus normal form, an algebraic notation used in Computer Science to represent numerical and other patterns by letters.

             Because of the scientific nature of the method of pronunciation of the vowels and consonants in the Indian languages (specifically those coming directly from Pali, Prakit and Sanskrit), every part of the mouth is exercised during speaking. This results into speakers of Indian languages being able to pronounce words from any language. This is unlike the case with say native English speakers, as their tongue becomes unused to being able to touch certain portions of the mouth during pronunciation, thus giving the speakers a hard time to speak certain words from a language not sharing a common ancestry with English. I am not aware of any theory in these lines, but I would like to know if there is one.

                   Evidences of using very large numbers have been found in the Vedas which are ancient Hindu scriptures.

                 The oldest known text to use zero is an Indian (Jaina) text entitled the Lokavibhaaga ("The Parts of the Universe"), which has been definitely dated to 25 August 458 BC. An inscription, created in 876AD, found in Gwalior, acts as the first use of zero as a number. Zero is not a "natural" candidate for being a number. It is a great leap from physical to abstract that one needs to bridge when dealing with zero. With zero also comes the notion of negative numbers and along with all these comes a series of related questions about arithmetic operations on natural numbers, both positive and negative and zero.

               Three Hindu mathematicians, Brahmagupta, Mahavira and Bhaskara tried to answer these in their treatise. In the 7th century Brahmagupta provided the rules for addition and subtraction involving zero.

                         “The sum of zero and a negative number is negative, the sum of a positive number and zero if positive, the sum of zero and zero is zero. A negative number subtracted from zero is positive, a positive number subtracted from zero is negative, zero subtracted from a negative number is negative, zero subtracted from a positive number is positive, zero subtracted from zero is zero”.

                        Brahmagupta also says that any number multiplied by zero is zero. But problems arise when he tries to explain division. While he is unsure about what division of a number by zero means, he wrongly gives zero divided by zero to be zero.

                    One significant fact that many a modern thinkers on ancient India and its contributions  to the Universal Knowledge of all types forego without a proper perspective is that the Great Rushis were only trying to unfold the Vedic Knowledge to explain in the languages of their respective schools of study or under the patronage of a GURU.  So they, even the great Rishis find themselves in great difficulty to unfold the Vedic Knowledge in spite of their 12 or 18 years of Shishyarika (pupilship) under a GURU. Brahmagupta's is the first attempt from any mathematician to explain the arithmetic operations on natural numbers and zero.

                      In the 9th century, Mahavira updated Brahmagupta's attempts at defining operations using zero. Although he correctly finds out that a number multiplied by zero is zero, but wrongly says that a number remains unchanged when divided by zero.

                     The next valiant attempt came from Bhaskara in the 11th century. A quantity divided by zero becomes a fraction the denominator of which is zero. This fraction is termed an infinite quantity. In this quantity consisting of that which has zero for its divisor, there is no alteration, though many may be inserted or extracted; as no change takes place in the infinite and immutable God when worlds are created or destroyed, though numerous orders of beings are absorbed or put forth. This, in its face value seems correct, by suggesting that any number when divided by zero is infinity, Bhaskara suggested that zero multiplied by infinity is any number, and hence all numbers are equal, which is not correct. But Bhaskara did correctly find out that the square of zero is zero, as is the square root.

                        The Indian numeral system and its place value, decimal system of enumeration came to the attention of the Arabs in the seventh or eighth century, and served as the basis for the well known advancement in Arab mathematics, represented by figures such as al-Khwarizmi. Al-Khwarizmi wrote Al'Khwarizmi on the Hindu Art of Reckoning that described the Indian place-value system of numerals based on numerals 1 through 9 and 0. Scholars like ibn Ezra and al-Samawal used the notion of zero from al-Khwarizmi's work. Zero reached Europe in the twelfth century when Adelard of Bath translated al-Khwarizmi's works into Latin [See 1]. Fibonacci was one of the main mathematicians who accepted the concepts of zero in Europe. He was an important link between the Hindu-Arabic number system. In his treatise Liber Abaci ("a tract about the abacus"), published in 1202, he described the nine Indian symbols together with the symbol O for zero, but it was not widely accepted until much later. Significantly, Fibonacci spoke of numbers 1 through 9, but a "sign" O. Although he brought the notion of zero to Europe, it is clear that he was not able to reach the sophistication of Indians like Brahamagupta, Mahavira and Bhaskara. There are specific nomenclature for the powers of 10, most used in modern times are dasa (10), sata (100), sahasra (1,000=1K), ayuta (10K), laksha (100K), niyuta (10⁶=1M), koti (10M), vyarbuda (100M), paraardha (10¹²) etc. Results of such a practice were two-folds. Firstly, removal of special importance of  big numbers. Instead of naming numbers in groups of three, four or eight orders of units one could use the necessary name for the power of 10. Secondly the notion of the term "of the order of" has been simplified. To express the order of a particular number, one simply needs to use the nearest two powers of 10 to express its enormity. Evidences of using very large numbers have been found in the Vedas which are ancient Hindu scriptures. They were written in Sanskrit from around 500BC, although traces go back to 2000BC [See 4]. In the Taittiriya Upanishad, which is a part of the third Veda, Yajur Veda, there is a section (anuvaka) that extols the "Beatific Calculus" or a quasi-mathematical relationship between bliss of a young man, who has everything in the world to the bliss of the Brahman, or "realization". Translated roughly as follows, summarized from one done by Max Muller, firstly it says that fear is all-pervasive. It continues by assuming that a young, good man who is fit, healthy and strong, and has all the wealth in the world, is one unit of human bliss. The anuvaka provides a precise calculation of a series of multiplications by 100 to give number 100¹⁰ units of human bliss that can be had when one attains Brahman. The previous anuvaka exhorts the aspirants to be fearless and strong, as only such a person may realize the absolute within.

Invention of various modern mathematical series leading to the discovery of Calculus

            In the southern state of Kerala, mathematician Madhava discovered the mathematical series for sin x, cos x, and arctan x circa 1400AD. Colin Maclaurin re-discovered the series in the 1700s. Jyesthadeva wrote a commentary called Yukti-Bhasa in Malayalam, the regional language of Kerala, around 1550. The uniqueness of the survey is that it contains not only details on previous work from scholars like Parameshvara, Neelakanta Somayaji, Achyuta Pisharati, Melpathur Narayana Bhattathiri and Achyuta Panikkar from the Kerala School of Mathematics and Astronomy but also contains proofs of the theorems and lemmas that he presented. Using Jyesthadeva's description of Madhava's series, one gets pi correct to 11 decimal places. Madhava also developed a number of ideas that are foundational to the development of modern calculus (History of calculus, calculus), including the statement of the theorem now known as "Rolle's theorem", which is a special case of one of the most important theorems in analysis, the "Mean Value Theorem". He was the first to conceive of the derivative. The scholars of the school were fundamentally attempting to solve problems, invented revolutionary ideas of calculus. They discovered the theory of infinite series, tests of convergence (now mostly attributed to Augustin Louis Cauchy), differentiation, term by term integration, iterative methods for solution of non-linear equations, and the theory that the area under a curve is its integral. They achieved most of these results up to several centuries before European mathematicians.

The word "Algorithm"

            Al-Khwarizmi, an eminent 9th century Arab scholar, played important roles in importing knowledge on arithematic and algebra from India to the Arabs. In his work, De numero indorum (Concerning the Hindu Art of Reckoning), it was based presumably on an Arabic translation of Brahmagupta where he gave a full account of the Hindu numerals which was the first to expound the system with its digits 0,1,2,3,...,9 and decimal place value which was a fairly recent arrival from India. Because of this book with the Latin translations made a false inquiry that our system of numeration is arabic in origin. The new notation came to be known as that of al-Khwarizmi, or more carelessly, algorismi; ultimately the scheme of numeration making use of the Hindu numerals came to be called simply algorism or algorithm, a word that, originally derived from the name al-Khwarizmi, now means, more generally, any peculiar rule of procedure or operation. the modern numerals is:

Brahmi (often called the "mother" of all Indian writing) numerals

• Shaka, Kushana inscriptions
• Gupta style
• Nagari style
• Arabic from the "Gubar" style
• European late middle ages (cursive forms of the Algorisms) modern.

 Aryabhatta was not therefore the one to invent the zero. The number 10 was used as basis of enumeration since Vedic times.  Hindus dealt comfortably with up to 18 denominations and they could conceive extremely large numbers.

·         Yajurveda Samhita: paraardha = 10^12. 
·         Lalitavistaara (500. BC): tallakshana ~ 10^53. 
·         Pali grammar: asaankheya = 10^140. 
·         Anuyogadvaara Sutra (A Jain text, 100BC): Seershaprahelikaa = 10^194.

Infinitesimal numbers as well:

 Artha Shaastra (4th Cent. BC): pramaanu ~ 1.3 × 7E−10 in.

Satapatha Braahmana (2000 BC): praana ~1/17 th second.

Fig.15

Brahmi script

               National script of ancient Hindus (1000 BC). Some claim it to be basis of Nagri script .

The zero symbol occurrence was in Chandaahsutra due to Pingala (< 200 BC).  Sometimes put on top of numbers to denote place value e.g.  3⁰ . The zero concept was given in the calculations involving 0 as explicitly stated in the Bakhshaali manuscript (200 BC). As a digit was given in Pancha Siddhaantika (505 AD).

              

             Arithmetic done on  Fine Dust spread on ground or on a board. Using hands and Fingers a practice known as  dhooli-karma “dust” work or  the patti-ganita  mathematics done on a “board” (patti = board). Writing on Fine dust is followed in Nama-karanam ceremonies even to-date a powerful practice to ensure the human relation with Prudvi.

        Three-step process of teaching mathematics Sulabha Sutras (rules): memorize, practice and then rationalize. Many a student failed to reach third stage. There was a complete Stress on oral education.

Most of the mathematical rediscovery research was made till the 12th Century AD. Between 10^th Century to 1200AD, INDIA INTELLECT were trying to protect themselves from foreign invaders with an unbound faith of human bondage that they thought the foreign invaders would see reasoning to live and let live, that was a suicidal misnomer.

The FOUR arithematic operations denoted by “yu”, “ksh”,”gu” and “bha” stand for the the Sanskrit words namely, Yuta-addition, Kshaya-subtraction, Gunakar multiplication and Bhagya-division. Ka implied Karani i.e root. These root words have also a message in terms of COLORS. An equation is known as sami-karana gave negative numbers and led to the discovery of Surds, and solutions of linear and quadrartic equations. Further various forms of quadratic equations were studied by Indians due to the concept of negative numbers.

                             i.e a*x^2+b*x=c, a*x^2+c=b*x, b*x+c=a*x^2 etc.

Sridharacharya in 750AD gave the quadratic equation solution by completing a square.  

  The Pascal’s triangle for computation of ⁿ C _r was earlier given by 1000AD mathematician in India Halayudha as Meru-Prastara was but just the rule invented by Pingala nearly 1200 years ago. The algebrisation of the study of infinetsimal changes in the trigonometry functions of Sine and Cosine led Bhaskaracharya(1150AD) to discovery the founding principles of Calculus.

 It got a refined shape with the analytical trigonometry of the Kerala School of 1400AD. Indians invented the Sine and Cosine functions, and constructed accurate sine tables. Brahmagupta (628AD) and Govindaswami (880AD) gave interpolation formulae for finding the sines of intermediate angles from the sine tables. Approximations given for π 3.1416 Aryabhata(499AD) 3.14159265359 Madhava(1400AD) 355/1134 of Nilakanta(1500AD) and an anonymus work Karanpadaddhati (Putumana Somayaji probably) 1500AD, gives the 17 decimals 3.14159265358979324.

The sloka in praise of Lord Krishna

            “Gopibhagya madhuvrata srngisodadhisandhiga

 Khalajitakhatava galahalarasandhara”

Meaning to the common man Oh Krishna the fortune of Gopis, the destroyer of the Demon Madhu, protector of cattle, the one who ventured the ocean-depths, destroyer of evildoers,one with plough on the sholder and the bearer of nectar, may (you), protect (us). But gives the value of to number of 31 digits. This is under Katapayadi-sankya, alphabets have numerical values(adopted like our ASCII system of numbers for English letters) ascribed to them, for example, Ka, ta, pa ya means 1. The decoding gives

                                  3.1415926535897932384626433832792.

The important discovery of INTELLECT INDIA is that the words were also given encryptic codes. Earth, Moon mean 1; Yugala(twins) means 2; Rama, Agni, Shiva’s eyes mena s3; yama means 4:   Pronouns, Gunas(policies of king), Rasas(tastes) and enemies (internal) means 6; Rishi, Mountains means 7; Vasus, Gaja means 8, Manus means 14, Tithis means 15.

Ramagnigunadharaprame sakahayane stands thus for 1633

Kalarsirasabhumitame  stands for                                   1676

Vasuvasudhacalavasundhara             stands for             1718

Rasadrimanau stands for                                                  1476.

Ref: Bharati Tirth Vedic Maths, Puri (1884-1960AD)

Venakatesha-ashottara-shata-namvali (magic sacred number 108)

Lord Vekateswara of Tirupati has these 108 letters of addressing HIM.

The Indians discovered the half-chord and half of the angle subtended by the full chord. This is precisely the sine function for a Unit Circle. Sanskrit word half-chord i.e.”ardha-jya” became via Arabs  word jaib to the word sinus of Latin. Sine is an English version. Aryabhata’s “kotijya” is the Cosine.

Madahvacharya (1340-1425) gave the series

·          θ=  tan θ – (1/3) (tan θ)^3 +(1/5) (tan θ)^5 – (1/7) (tan θ)^7+  (|tan θ|≤1) and the

proof of it is available in Yuktibhasa with the integration as a limit of summation and corresponds to the modern method of term by term integration. A significant step is the adoption of the formula

·         lim (n->∞) (1^p+2^p+….+(n-1)^p)/(n^(p+1))=  1/(p+1).

• Madhav gave the formula:   π/4= 1-1/3+1/5-1/7+…. by putting θ=π/4.

Three centuries later Leibnitz was said to have discovered with the great amusement and fascination, the connection of π with unit fractions. 

• Madhav also gave    π/√12 = 1-1/3.3 +1/5.3^2 – 1/7.3^3+……

Madhav gave the power series expansions of Sin x and the Cosine x in terms of x powers. These were mentioned in Tantra Samgraha by Astronomer Nilakanta Somayaji (1445-1545). He has emphasized the heliocentric model before the Copernicus. The Yuktibhasa (1540) of Jyesthadeva (1500-1610) and the text of Karanapaddhati were discovered by Charles Whish and published in 1835.

          Addition and Subtraction:

            Two methods: direct (what we use today) and inverse (go from left to right). Some find inverse as much easier to tackle with,  in the finding solutions to the problems on hand.

It was after Buddhist impact in India dwindled, due to the singular effort of Adi Sankaracharya, the Sanskrit and other Indian Languages versions of the ancient treatises of Vedic India were being deciphered and understood. Hence the idea that the discoveries were made in the post period of AD is a mistaken notion.

        Multiplication  

            was explicitly elaborated in Sulabha Sutras (800 BC).Six methods known: Door-junction (kapaat sandhi), Compartment method, cross multiplication, and zigzag, by places and by parts. Various short-cut procedures akin to present day computer digital techniques were practiced. Dhuli-karma necessitated erasing and re-writing in calculations. Shorter methods for squaring  have been rediscovered from the Vedic scripts.

      Division:  

          known to Indian students before the 400AD and dealing with simple mathematics of removing the common factors was known even before 400AD.

Sometimes used to depict an infinitesimal value e.g., when Computing limits,

Square Root and Cube Root ( these were termed the basic operations).  Aryabhatta explains method for finding both types of roots in just 2 shlokas (Sanskrit verses) .

 Checking by Nines (10th Cent. AD): A method to verify correctness of all operations.

 Sum the operands to single digit; sum the result (product/quotient/..) to single digit; the operation performed on these summed-up values should still be correct.  Mention of the fraction 3/8 in the Rig Veda (< 1000 BC). Artha Shaastra mentions various fractional measures. Fractions were divided into classes. There were no notations for basic operations! Instead, notations existed for fraction classes like

a/b ± c/d ,   a/b of c/d ,    etc.

Basic operations easily extended to fractions. Division by 0 was not recognized.

 The Rule of Three: The seed of today’s Unitary Method

                “In the rule of three, multiply the phala (fruit) by the ichchha(desire), and divide by the pramaana (argument). The result is the phala of the ichchha.” - Aryabhtta (499 AD).

                                                               

 Much pioneering work in Algebra and Geometry

              The Bhaskaracharya has been credited with the discovery of finding solutions of equations involving algebraic expressions and the number system. For example he gave the sloka,

               “Pardhaha, karna dhaayath chcharganam krudhodhakne sandhdhuo,

                Thphyardhne nivaryas chcharganam moolyis sch thurvivraha yaan,

                Salyam shadyir dhgha bhi stra bira pi chchstram dhwajam karmukam

                Chichedapyaa shira sharineen kathithe yaa sarjuna spandadhou?”

Total Arjuna missiles x: then x/2 focussed on karnas missiles to destroy them. Four times the sqareroot of the total x are used kill Karna horses. The Chariot driver(who is a friend of Pandavas) was killed with 6 missiles. Karnas chariot umbrella, Flying flag on the Chariot and the Karnas missile base curve form (Bow) were smashed by one missile each by Arjuna. The last remaining was used to chop off Karnas head. So what is the total?

                                                         x=x/2+ 4*√x +6+1+1+1+1.

So the answer is 100. Simil;arly if 100 is the total then half i.e.50 are used to smash Karnas missiles, 4*√100=40 used to kill his horses, 6 were used to stall the Chariot driver  and remaining one each for the umbrella, flag, his bow bent and finally the head of Karna. 50+40+6+1+1+1+1=100. The idea to use the factor unknow x and as well to use a number 100 for the total both systems were discovered and presented by Bhaskaracharya.

 This speaks volumes for the INTELLECT INDIA.

• Solving bivariate quadratic equations was known during Aryabhatta’s time.  Aryabhatta (499 AD) made many fundamental contributions:
• Computing the area of triangles, pyramids, trapeziums.
• Area of a circle. He was the first to elaborate that π is transcendental. 
• His  demonstration of kuttaka method for solving diophantine equations:
•  (ax ± by = c) and is used even today in graduate school mathematic classes. The first explanetary proof of Pythogoras’ Theorem appears in the Sulabha Sutras (800 BC).  
• Aryabhatta specified the first astronomy constants used in ancient Astronomy: computed exact length of the earth’s day (up to 0.1 secs) and its circumference (with 0.2% error).
•           “dirgha catursasyakshnya rajjuh parsvamani tiryak mani ca

     Yatprathagbhu te karutah tadubhayam karoti”

       Boudayana Sulabha Sutras: 12 sloka.

             The Sualabha-Sutras of Baudhyana, Apastamba and Katyanana form the sutra period of Vedic age. They were of course already known to Brahmanas and Samhitas. The design of the several of the brick-alters are involved with depicting a falcon in flight with the curved wings, a chariot wheel with spokes or a tortoise with extended head and legs. Satapatha Brahamana gives the developed forms of fire-altars construction. Taittririyaa Samhita gives construction of sacrificial fire-alters. The killing of an animal or any other living being like birds, etc is not a pleasure seeking sport in India but objective way of flesh and tissue-meat consumption.

           

              Plane geometry apart from Pythagoras therem gives glimpses of similar figures.

Aryabhata gave the place value of zero and the algebraic expressions like

                                   (a_b)^2 and (a+b)^3

and solved them.

Ramayana has terms all the way up to 10^55 and Jain Budhhists up to 10^140 for measurements of space and time. The Leonardo Fibonacci of Pisa (1180-1240) the first European Mathematician spread the Indian Numerals system in Europe but the system got standardization only in 1600 and 1700AD. Thus Europeans were 600 year behind their own country men who brought the Knowledge of Sarswati from India. Brahamgupta’s briiliant theorems on cyclic quadrilaterals are the GEMS learnt from India in Geometry. Descartes and Fermat emerged only in 1799AD.

Refer: History of Hindu Mathematics. Bibhutibhusan Datta and Avadesh Narayan Singh. Asia publishing House (1962). And also I The Aryabhatiya of Aryabhatta. Walter E. Clark. University of Chicago Press (1930). Ancient Indian Mathematics

Saurabh Panjwani   April 7, 2007 power point presentation.

Epic Period of Ramayana and Mahabharata

                 Dr Damerala Venkata Surya Rao has mentioned in one of his writing in Antharyami, that during the epic periods of Tretayuga and Dwaparayuga transition time, a great famine occurred on the Earth. At that time many people perished due to hunger, even a great sage like Vishwamitra has resorted to stealing the inferior food of a dog’s meat from a house located in the residential area of huntsman. The dog’s corpse was hung in front of the house after having been skinned off totally exposing only the slug of the body flesh. In the midnight when Muni Vishwamitra was stealing that flesh of meat the huntsman, warned him not to eat that inferior meat. Muni said that with my powers of mantras and worship strength, I can get rid of the Adharm act of eating the dog’s meat and purify his body pointing out that Agashtya Muni ate the rakshas (demons) body meat at the time of a necessity and still remained a radiant yogi. Thus he convinced the huntsman and ate the dog’s flesh.

                Dhanur Veda classifies the weapons of offence and defense into four - the mukta, the amukta, the mukta-mukta and the yantramukta. The Nitiprakasika, on the other hand, divides them into three broad classes, the mukta (thrown), the amukta (not thrown), and the mantramukta (discharged by mantras). The very fact that our military science named Dhanur Veda provides sufficiently clearly that the bow and arrow were the principle weapons of war in those times. It was known by different terms as sarnga, kodanda, and karmuka. Whether these are synonyms of the same thing or were different is difficult to say. The Rg vedaic smith was not only a steel worker but also an arrow maker.

Fire-Arms 

                 It would be interesting to examine the true nature of the agneya-astras. Kautalya describes agni-bana, and mentions three recipes - agni-dharana, ksepyo-agni-yoga, and visvasaghati. Visvasaghati was composed of 'the powder of all the metals as red as fire or the mixture of the powder of kumbhi, lead, zinc, mixed with the charcoal and with oil wax and turpentine.' From the nature of the ingredients of the different compositions it would appear that they were highly inflammable and could not be easily extinguished.
                A recent writer remarks:  'The Visvasaghati-agni-yoga was virtually a bomb which burst and the fragments of metals were scattered in all directions. The agni-bana was the fore-runner of a gun-shot. Sir A. M. Eliot tells us that the Arabs learnt the manufacture of gunpowder from India and that before their Indian connection they had used arrows of naptha. It is also argued that though Persia possessed saltpetre in abundance, the original home of gunpowder was India. It is said that the Turkish word “top” and the Persian “tupang or tufang” are derived from the Sanskrit word “dhupa”. The dhupa of the Agni Purana means a rocket, perhaps a corruption of the Kautaliyan term natadipika. (source: Fire-Arms in Ancient India-

               By Jogesh Chandra Ray I.H.Q. viii. p. 586-88). Gustav Oppert (1836-1908) born in Hamburg, Germany, he taught Sanskrit and comparative linguistics at the Presidency College, Madras for 21 years.

 He was the Telugu translator to the Government and Curator, Government Oriental Manuscript Library. Translated Sukraniti, statecraft by an unknown author.
He attempted to prove that ancient Indians knew firearms.

 (Ref: German Indologists: Biographies of Scholars in Indian Studies writing in German - By Valentine Stache-Rosen. p.81.

For more refer to article by G R Josyer - India: The Home of Gunpowder and Firearms).

                    In his work, Political Maxims of the Ancient Hindus, he says, that ancient India was the original home of gunpowder and fire-arms. It is probable that the word Sataghni referred to in the Sundara Kanda of the Ramayana refers to cannon.

(source: Hindu Culture and The Modern Age - By Dewan Bahadur K.S. Ramaswami Shastri - Annamalai University 1956 p. 127).

            The word astra in the Sukraniti is interpreted by Dr. Gustav Oppert as a bow.  But the term astra means a missile, anything which is discharged. Agneya astra means a fiery arm as distinguished from a firearm. Dr. Oppert refers to half a dozen temples in South India to prove the use of fire-arms in ancient India. The Palni temple in the Madura District contains on the outer portion in an ancient stone mantapa scenes of carved figures of soldiers carrying in their hands small fire-arms, apparently the small-sized guns mentioned in the Sukranitisara. Again in the Sarnagapani temple at Kumbakonam in the front gate of the fifth story from the top is the figure of a king sitting in a chariot drawn by horses and surrounded by a number of soldiers. Before this chariot march two sepoys with pistols in their hands. In the Nurrukkal mantapam of the Conjeevaram temple is a pillar on the north side of the mandapa. Here is a relief vividly representing a flight between two bodies of soldiers. Mounted horsemen are also seen. The foot-soldier is shown aiming his fire-arm against the enemy. Such things are also noted in the Tanjore temple and the temple at Perur, in the Coimbatore District. In the latter there is an actual representation of a soldier loading a musket. The Borobudar in Java where Indian tradition is copied wholesale. They are ascribed roughly to the period 750-850 A.D. There is a striking relief series PL. I, fig. 5, (1605) representing a battle in which two others are seen on each side, one wearing a curved sword in the right hand and a long shield, and the other a mace and a round shield resembling a wheel, all apparently made of iron. The story of the Ramayana is also given as in the Tadpatri temple from Rama's going to the forest down to the killing of Ravana. There is also a wonderful sculpture of an ancient Hindu ship.

 (source: Suvarnadvipa - By R.C. Majumdar. pp 194-5).
           

                 Medhatithi remarks thus "while fighting his enemies in battle, he shall not strike with concealed weapons nor with arrows that are poisoned or barbed on with flaming shafts."

            Sukraniti while referring to fire-arms, (agneyastras) says that before any war, the duty of the minister of war is to check up the total stock of gunpowder in the arsenal. Small guns is referred as tupak by Canda Baradayi. The installation of yantras (engines of war) inside the walls of the forts referred to by Manasollasa and the reference of Sataghni (killer of hundreds of men) pressed into service for the protection of the forts by Samaranganasutradhara clearly reveals the frequent use of fire arms in the battle-field. (source: India Through The Ages: History, Art Culture and Religion - By G. Kuppuram p. 512-513). The Arthava Veda shows the employment of fire-arms with lead shots. The Aitareya Brahmana describes an arrow with fire at its tip. In the Mahabharata and Ramayana, the employment of agnyastras is frequently mentioned, and this deserves careful examination in the light of other important terms like ayah, kanapa and tula-guda.  The agnicurna or gunpowder was composed of 4 to 6 parts of saltpetre, one part of sulphur, and one part of charcoal of arka, sruhi and other trees burnt in a pit and reduced to powder. Here is certain evidence of the ancient rockets giving place to actual guns in warfare. From the description of the composition of gunpowder, the composition of the Sukraniti can be dated at the pre-Gupta age. (source: War in Ancient India - By V. R. Ramachandra Dikshitar 1944. p. 103 -105).

Amukta  Weapons
           

                         The first of the Amukta weapons was the Vajra or the thunderbolt. The origin of this weapon is given in the Rirthayatra portion of the Mahabharata. It was made out of the backbone of the Rishi Dadhichi which was freely given by him to Indra. Originally perhaps it had six sides and made a terrible noise when hurled. The Parasu is the battle-axe attributed to Parasu-rama, of great fame. Its blade was made of steel and it had a wooden handle. There were six ways of manipulating it to one's own advantage.  

                           The Gada is a heavy rod of iron with one hundred spikes on the top. One of the four cubits was able to destroy elephants and rocks. It could be handled in twenty different ways. By means of gun powder it could be used as a projectile weapon of war. Its principal use was to strike the enemy either from a raised place or from both sides and strike terror into the enemy especially of the Gomutra array.  

                         The Mudgara was a staff in the shape of a hammer. It was used to break heavy stones and rocks. This is again a movable machine according to Kautalya.  

                         The Sira was a bucket-like instrument curved on both sides and with a wide opening made of iron. It was as long as a man's height. The Pattisa is a razor like weapon.  

                      The Sataghni, literally means that which had the power of killing a hundred at a time. It looked like a Gada and is said to be four cubits in length. It is generally identified with modern cannon and hence was a projectile weapon of war.

                       "sataghni tu catustala lohakantaka samcita yastih! iti Kesavah."  

                 It was generally placed on the walls of a fort and is included among the movable machines by Kautalya.  

Asi or the Swords

            The best sword measured fifty inches. They were usually made of Pindara iron found in the Jangala country, black iron in the Anupa, white iron in the Sataharana, gold colored in the Kalinga, oily iron in the Kambhoja, blue-colored in Gujarat, grey-colored in the Maharashtra and reddish white in Karnataka. The aSi si also known as Nistrimsa, Visamana, Khadga, Tiksnadhara, Durasada, Srigarbha, Vijaya and Dharmamula, meaning respectively cruel, fearful, powerful, fiery, unassailable, affording wealth, giving victory, and the source of maintaining dharma. And these are generally the characteristics of a sword. It was commonly worn on the left side and was associated with thirty-two different movements. It measured 50 thumbs in length and four inches in width. In the Santi-parva (166,3 ff; 82 ff). Bhisma being asked as to which weapon in his opinion was the best for all kinds of fighting, replies that the sword is the foremost among arms (agryah praharananam), but the bow is first (adyam).

          

              B.K. Sarkar says that the secret of manufacturing the so-called Damascus blade was learnt by the Saracens from the Persians, who, in their turn, had learnt it from the Hindus. Early Arabic literature provides us with a curious illustration of the esteem with which Indian swords were looked upon in Western Asia.

             

               Hindus made the best swords in the ancient world, they discovered the process of making Ukku steel, called Damascus steel by the rest of the world (Damas meaning water to the Arabs, because of the watery designs on the blade). These were the best swords in the ancient world, the strongest and the sharpest, sharper even than Japanese katanas. Romans, Greeks, Arabs, Persians, Turks, and Chinese imported it.  

The original Damascus steel

           

                 The world's first high-carbon steel ,was a product of India known as wootz. Wootz is the English for ukku in Kannada and Telugu, meaning steel. Indian steel was used for making swords and armor in Persia and Arabia in ancient times. Ktesias at the court of Persia (5th c BC) mentions two swords made of Indian steel which the Persian king presented him. The pre-Islamic Arab word for sword is 'muhannad' meaning from Hind. So famous were they that the Arabic word for sword was Hindvi - from Hind. 

               Wootz was produced by carburizing chips of wrought iron in a closed crucible process. 

"Wrought iron, wood and carbonaceous matter was placed in a crucible and heated in a current of hot air till the iron became red hot and plastic. It was then allowed to cool very slowly (about 24 hours) until it absorbed a fixed amount of carbon, generally 1.2 to 1.8 per cent," said eminent metallurgist Prof. T.R. Anantharaman, who taught at Banares Hindu University, Varanasi.  

"When forged into a blade, the carbides in the steel formed a visible pattern on the surface." 

             To the sixth century Arab poet Aus b. Hajr the pattern appeared described 'as if it were the trail of small black ants that had trekked over the steel while it was still soft'. In the early 1800s, Europeans tried their hand at reproducing wootz on an industrial scale. Michael Faraday, the great experimenter and son of a blacksmith, tried to duplicate the steel by alloying iron with a variety of metals but failed. Some scientists were successful in forging wootz but they still were not able to reproduce its characteristics, like the watery mark. "Scientists believe that some other micro-addition went into it," said Anantharaman. "That is why the separation of carbide takes place so beautifully and geometrically."

 Fig.16

              A Nobel laureate who visited Visakhapatnam for a Science meet said he learnt the properties of Nano structures from the making of Swords in the ancient method of their manufacture.

                     The crucible process could have originated in south India and the finest steel was from the land of Cheras, said K. Rajan, associate professor of archaeology at Tamil University, Thanjavur, who explored a 1st century AD trade centre at Kodumanal near Coimbatore. Rajan's excavations revealed an industrial economy at Kodumanal. Pillar of strength The rustless wonder called the Iron Pillar near the Qutb Minar at Mehrauli in Delhi did not attract the attention of scientists till the second quarter of the 19th century.  The inscription refers to a ruler named Chandra, who had conquered the Vangas and Vahlikas, and the breeze of whose valour still perfumed the southern ocean. "The king who answers the description is none but Samudragupta, the real founder of the Gupta empire," said Prof. T.R. Anantharaman, who has authored The Rustless Wonder. Zinc metallurgy travelled from India to China and from there to Europe. As late as 1735, professional chemists in Europe believed that zinc could not be reduced to metal except in the presence of copper.  The alchemical texts of the mediaeval period show that the tradition was live in India. In 1738, William Champion established the Bristol process to produce metallic zinc in commercial quantities and got a patent for it. Interestingly, the mediaeval alchemical text Rasaratnasamucchaya describes the same process, down to adding 1.5 per cent common salt to the ore. (source:Saladin’s Sword;By The Week; June 24, 2001  (http://netinfo.hypermart.net/telingsteel.htm).

Indian Armour

            The Romas, who are the Gypsies of Europe, also taught the use of artillery to Europeans. These Roma belonged to the Jat and Rajput clans who left India during the invasions by Mohamud Ghaznavi and Mohammad Ghori between the 10th and 12th centuries of the Christian era. He says the use of artillery was known in Asia, notably in India, from time immemorial, while it was introduced to the Europeans much later. Mr. Rishi reveals that the Roma had helped different countries of Europe in making artillery. “Evidence of this is given as early as 1496 by a mandate of that date granted by Wadislas, King of Hungary, wherein it is said that Thomas Polgar, chief of 25 tents of wandering Gypsies had, with his people, made at Funfkirchen musket-balls and other ammunition for Bishop Sigismond. “In 1546 when the English were holding Boulogne against the French the latter took the help of two experienced Romas of Hungary to make great number of cannons of greater caliber than earlier guns. The Hungarian Roma of the 16th century possessed fuller knowledge of fabricating artillery than the races of Western Europe. There were also records that the Roma were employed as soldiers by some countries of Europe.

The Game of Chess and the Four-Fold Force

                Owing to peculiar geographical features, with her vast plains interspersed with forests, the ancient Indian States had to make extensive use of mounted forces which comprised cavalry, chariots, and elephants. This does not mean that infantry was neglected. Hindu India possessed the classical fourfold force of chariots, elephants, horsemen, and infantry, collectively known as the Caturangabala. 

            Fig.17

 The old game of chess also the old game of chess also goes by the name of Caturanga. Chess is a game of war, and in each game there are a king, a councilor, two elephants, two horses, two chariots, and eight foot-soldiers. From the references to this game in the Rg Veda and the Atharva Veda and in the Buddhists and Jaina books, it must have been very popular in ancient India. The Persian term Chatrang and the Arabic Shatrang are forms of the Sanskrit Chaturanga. The famous epic Mahabharata narrates an incidence where a game called Chaturang was played between two groups of warring cousins. In some form or the other, the game continued till it evolved into chess. 

 Fig.18

                           The Ramasethu the construction of a bridge across the Indian Ocean connecting India and Sri Lanka dates back to 17 lakh 50000 years ago of the Epic Ramayana, demonstrated, the unparallel Engineering feat of the INTELLECT INDIA Human Kind on this noble, a pious and sacred Earth. Does it mean Treta Yuga of Ramayana met its end at that time? The Ramasethu connects 48km between Dhanushkoti in Rameswaram District to Thalimanna in Sri Lanka. The region is also known as “Palk Straight”. The sethu was designed and built by Viswakarma the son of Nala. On 10^th October 2002 PIT and NASA said that Bridge Unique Curvature construction by age reveals that it is manmade structure. According to Dr D.V.N Sarma, it is built in just 22 days with a perfect plan and as an Engineering and Technology marvel. It has several sea bed foundation pillars on which the Sethu (bridge) rested. It appears that there is no curvature and the army could easily walk over it. Full details are given by him in trusciencetrutechnology@blogspot.com in the Year 2007.

Brief History of India

                      A great forest near Varanasi dwindled by the Buddha’s time and Nyagrodh Jataka relates that prior to Buddha the Bodhisattva in the form of a deer transformed the Varanasi King to become a vegetarian and to stop killing the deer in the forest for his lavish lunch and dinner. Near to the Palace of Magadha King there existed a Bamboo farm and a Brahmin by name Vassurudu lived there, he was regarded as an extraordinary person of Prajna, i.e. divine intellect.  And Buddha’s time a lake, lovely Park and tall trees giving shelter to travelers existed there. Also in the near forest region of Grudhakutta in a village there were about 70 Brahmin families were residing.  Almost since 30 generations they were residing there.  From the town of Sravasthi towards the north there were about 500 Brahmin families were residing. Eventually they all embraced Buddhism. A temple was erected known as Saranganadha.

                     

      Jagat Singh an influential merchant a noble in the court of  Kashi Naresh Maharaja of Varanasi, in 18^th century dug, the ruins of Saranath for its Diamonds and Gems from crumbling monuments. Is he a lover of antiquity? He carried away cart loads of them. Major General Alexander Cunningham in 1834, excavated the Sarnath, and the five disciples of Buddha came to light. They are Kaundinya, Bhadrak, Ashwajit, Mahanama and Vasava. Lady Sujata served the Buddha during his meditation under an Aswatha tree near Gaya. The first disciples ran away but later radiant Buddha found them to teach his enlightenment.

Ujjain might lead to sources of INTELLECT INDIA apart from mythological figures but about the legendry figures in the Craftsmanship of India.

Harappa (Urdu/Punjabi)     

 Fig.19

 Remains from the final phase of the Harappa occupation: A large well and bathing platforms.

 ہڑپہ, pronounced [ɦəɽəppaː]) is an archaeological site in Punjab, northeast Pakistan, about 35 km (22 mi) west of Sahiwal. The site takes its name from a modern village located near the former course of the Ravi River. The current village of Harappa is 6 km from the ancient site. Although modern Harappa has a train station left from the British times, it is today just a small (pop. 15,000) crossroads town. The site of the ancient city contains the ruins of a Bronze Age fortified city, which was part of the Cemetery H culture and the Indus Valley Civilization, centered in Sindh and the Punjab.^[1] The city is believed to have had as many as 23,500 residents—considered large for its time. The ancient city of Harappa was greatly destroyed under the British Raj, when bricks from the ruins were used as track ballast in the making of the Lahore-Multan Railroad. The Indus Valley Civilization (also known as Harappan culture) has its earliest roots in cultures such as that of Mehrgarh, approximately 6000 BCE. The two greatest cities, Mohenjo-daro and Harappa, emerged circa 2600 BCE along the Indus River valley in Punjab and Sindh. The civilization, with a writing system, urban centers, and diversified social and economic system, was rediscovered in the 1920s after excavations at Mohenjo-daro (which means "mound of the dead") in Sindh near Sukkur, and Harappa, in west Punjab south of Lahore. A number of other sites stretching from the Himalayan foothills in east Punjab, India in the north, to Gujarat in the south and east, and to Balochistan in the west have also been discovered and studied. Although the archaeological site at Harappa was partially damaged in 1857 when engineers constructing the Lahore-Multan railroad (as part of the Sind and Punjab Railway), used brick from the Harappa ruins for track ballast, an abundance of artifacts has nevertheless been found.  

 Fig.20

            See the figure depicting the Coach driver 2000 B.C.E. Harappa, Indus Valley Civilization.

 Indus Valley civilization was mainly an urban culture sustained by surplus agricultural production and commerce, the latter including trade with Sumer in southern Mesopotamia. Both Mohenjo-daro and Harappa are generally characterized as having "differentiated living quarters, flat-roofed brick houses, and fortified administrative or religious centers." Although such similarities have given rise to arguments for the existence of a standardized system of urban layout and planning, the similarities are largely due to the presence of a semi-orthogonal type of civic layout, and a comparison of the layouts of Mohenjo-daro and Harappa shows that they are in fact, arranged in a quite dissimilar fashion. The chert weights and measures of the Indus Valley Civilization, on the other hand, were highly standardized, and conform to a set scale of gradations. Distinctive seals were used, among other applications, perhaps for identification of property and shipment of goods. Although copper and bronze were in use, iron was not yet employed. "Cotton was woven and dyed for clothing; wheat, rice, and a variety of vegetables and fruits were cultivated; and a number of animals, including the humped bull, were domesticated." Wheel-made pottery—some of it adorned with animal and geometric motifs—has been found in profusion at all the major Indus sites. A centralized administration for each city, though not the whole civilization, has been inferred from the revealed cultural uniformity; however, it remains uncertain whether authority lay with a commercial oligarchy. There appears to be a complete lack of priestly "pomp or lavish display" that was common in other civilizations.

 Fig.21

                      The Harbor built by them at Lothal gives the complete details of engineering skills they possessed. The British Raj people have laid a railway line to Lahore and for the preparation of the underneath bed they have not used metal but astonishingly used the Bricks of Harappa Civilization. These bricks date back to 5000BC. Thus the civilization roots and evidence of its existence of an extraordinary craftsmanship before the Birth of Buddha, has been destroyed and plundered.  The bricks were of 15 different standard sizes. [Lost discoveries by Dick-Teresi page 60]. The culverts and water channels in the Cities of Harappa civilization and the magnificent ancient first Harbor of the World as seen today is amazing fact of INTELLECT INDIA have used Lime and its products for durability and ageing. The fact that they are even now intact is a clear proof of their mastery of technology and industrial manufacture to build cities. They have used shell compass for navigational purposes, varying weights and measures in trade, commerce and construction activities. From here beads, jewellery, textiles and mineral ores were exported. Lothal engineers accorded high priority to the creation of a dockyard and a warehouse to serve the purpose of naval trade. The dock was built on the eastern flank of the town, and is an astounding engineering feat. It was located away from main current of the river to avoid silting, but provided access to ships in high tide as well. Warehouse was built close to acropolis on a 3.5m high (i.e.10.5feet) podium of lime and mud bricks. The administrators thus were able to easily supervise the activity on the Dock and the warehouse at the same instance. Built on the western arm of the dock, was a mud-brick wharf of 230m (i.e. about 720 feet) long with a ramp leading to the warehouses. There was an important public building opposite to warehouse whose superstructure has completely disappeared.  The radial streets with division sectors and facility a sump or collection chamber to deposit solid-waste in order to prevent the clogging of the city drains. Several such collection points etc., kept this city quite clean. Especially the location of man-holes, drains, cesspools, the culverts and stream water flow channels indicate the high degree of urban living. Waste was deposited in the river in such way it gets washed away during high tides. ` They had multi-storied buildings and market places of trade.

Fig.22. The port was meant for repairs and manufacture of high seas faring maritime ships.

                The significance of pure and fresh water in India, it is no surprise that the technologies to manage water resources were highly sophisticated from Harappan times onwards. For example, in Gujarat, Chandragupta built the Sudarshan Lake in late 4^th century BC, and was later repaired in 150 BC by his grandson. Bhopal's Raja Bhoj Lake, built in 1014-1053AD, is so massive that it shows up in satellite images. The Vijayanagar Empire built such a large lake in 1400 – 1500AD that it has more construction material than the Great Wall of China. What some historians call the “Persian Wheel” is actually pre-Mughal and indigenous to India.

                Estimate there were 1.3 million man-made water lakes and ponds across India, some as large as 250 square miles. These are now being rediscovered using satellite imagery. These enabled rain water to be harvested and used for irrigation, drinking, etc. till the following year's rainfall.

Road building

            The “Vastu Sastra” and “Sukronithi” (ch.1 slokas 165-166) book give details of proportions and the ratios of lime mixed products for road building etc. They state that the strength of them is just equals the tortoise shells. 

 Fig.23   and      Fig.24

                   The Yoga practice is vividly shown in the seal obtained from Harappa excavations and the phonic code of the tantric languge is superbly preserved in spite of its centuries corrosive and damaging affects.

Lime products 

            Kapila Vatsyana in sloka 114-120 gives details of Lime products. The Mayamatha-Kalamula Sastra (60-61) has the following sloka for the Lime mortar and its products.

“catuspan casadastabhih matrista ddhidvigunayatah

Vyasarthartha tribhagaikativrca madhye paraspare

Istaka bahusah sasyah samdagdhah punasatah.”

           The cities were designed in the form of Swastik or follow a grid pattern and some cities were built as concentric circles pattern. The temples occupy the central place in these magnificient cities built by ancients and by the temple on all four sides there are built royal roads.

 Fig.25

            Meenakshi Temple is an exemplary architect of the ancient craftsmanship and INTELLECT INDIA. It has two floors and in Madurai, Tamil Nadu is wonder of the world for its beauty and imposing scenario.  Temples—build on elliptical, circular, quadrilateral, or apsidal plans—were constructed using brick and timber. The Indian gateway archs, the torana reached East Asia.

 Fig.26

              Grand Anicut dam on river Cauvery (1st-2nd Century CE) is one of the oldest water-regulation structures in the world still in use. The 100AD Kallani Dam by Karikola Chola built on Cauvery river situated 48kms from Thanjavur is 320 meter high and 60 meter width with no binding or cements used to build it. It is as significant as the SEVENTH WONDER of the world name the Akshardham built (recently at a cost of 200 Crores of Rupees). The reason is that the Kallani Dam has been built with only interlocked granite stones. Can any civilization in the world proclaim the building of such dams for the common man benefit and agricultural produce of the Nation? The pyramids were built with Interlocked cut stones using a geometry based on the value of PI, but for the sake of retention of the Royal Monarchy in future rebirths and life rejuvenation.   

PANCHATANTRA

            Vishnu Sarma wrote in 200AD Panchatantra, stories from Vedas, to educate the dullard King’s children, to make them real fighters and kings to protect the land of sacred Vedas. These are fables depicting the 1. Mitra Labha 2. Mitra Bheda 3. Sruhudh Bheda 4.Vigrahon 5. Sandhi (compromise) and most amazing thing is they were told through the conversations of birds, animals and other creatures apart from the human beings. This was translated as  “ The Fables of Vinpay”.

In 500AD Bruhit Katha was produced comprising of 1000 stories in Paichachika Bhasha of Gunadiya people. Somadeva in Sanskrit wrote Katha Saritha Sagara.

 FEMALE QUEENS OF INDIA

                  Notable among them are in 200AD Nagamika of Satvahana Dynasty, Kashmir Sugandhi(king Sanakara Rao) Rani Karnavathi who fought and defeated Bahdur Shah a protector of Chittore fort of Rajasthan, in 1600AD Rani Durgamathi, Karuna Devi defeated Mohammed Gori’s General Kuthquddhim, Rani rudramadevi, 1300AD of Kakateyas kings, Ganapamba, Madhura, Mangamma, Nagamma, Manchela, Cheeknamma were the active chieftains of Andhra, Karnataka, Kerala and Tamilnadu etc.

Khajuraho

 

             Khajuraho Situated on the banks of the Khudar Nala, which is a tributary of the river Ken, Khajuraho is amidst an exotic setting of mystifying waterfalls and spectacular hills of the Vindhya range, fondly called by the locals as Datla and Lavania Pahads. Khajuraho is situated 49 km east of Chhatarpur, 44 km north-west of Panna, 65 km south of Mahoba and 175 km south-east of Jhansi in India.

Khajuraho Temples 

               Anita Thakur  crusading to keep the rich Indian cultural heritage alive through her research and writings.

Location of Khajuraho Temples

 

·         Situated in the heart of Central India, in the state of Madhya Pradesh, Khajuraho is a fascinating village with a quaint rural ambience and a rich cultural heritage. The fascinating temples of Khajuraho, India's unique gift of love to the world, represent the expression of a highly matured civilization. It is one of the top tourist places of India. An Airport has been built in this small village. Tourists with fat pockets but less time can fly Delhi-Agra-Khajuraho-Delhi in a day! There are a lot of hotels in the area to stay. A few are run by foreginers. The shops in Khujaraho sell a lot of handicrafts and some of them are really good and reasonably priced. 

History of Temples

    Fig.27

·         Khajuraho temples were constructed between 950 and 1050 A.D. during the reign of Chandel Empire. Khajuraho derives its name from the Khajur tree (the date palm tree) which can be found in abundance in the area. These temples are considered the "high point" of Indian architectural genius in the Medieval period. 

   Fig.28

·         Originally there were 85 temples, of which only 22 still exist. The amazingly short span of 100 years, from 950 AD - 1050 AD, saw the completion of all the temples, in an inspired burst of creativity. With the wane of the Chandela empire, these magnificent temples lay neglected, and vulnerable to the ravages of Nature. It was only in this century, that they were rediscovered, restored and granted the recognition that they justly deserve. The murals depict the life and times of the Chandelas, and celebrate the erotic state of being. They not only testify to the mastery of the craftsman, but also to the extraordinary breadth of vision of the Chandela Rajputs under whose reign, these temples were constructed. Their style of architecture was also rather peculiar to their times. Each structure stands on a high masonry platform with a distinct upward direction to their build, further enhanced by several vertical projections to simulate the effect of an overall lightness. The three main compartments are the entrance (ardhamandapa), assembly hall (mandapa), and the actual sanctum (garbha griha). The temples are grouped into three geographical divisions : western, eastern and southern. 

 Fig.29

·         The creators of Khajuraho claimed descent from the moon. The legend that describes the origin of this great dynasty is a fascinating one : Hemavati, the beautiful young daughter of a Brahmin priest was seduced by the moon god while bathing in the Rati one evening. The child born of this union between a mortal and a god was a son, Chandravarman. Harassed by society, the unwed mother sought refuge in the dense forest of Central India where she was both mother and guru to her young son. The boy grew up to found the great Chandela dynasty. When he was established as a ruler, he had a dream-visitation from his mother, who implored him to build temples that would reveal human passions, and in doing so bring about a realization of the emptiness of human desire. Chandravarman began the construction of the first of the temples, successive rulers added to the fast growing complex. 

 Fig.30

·         Yet another theory is that the erotica of Khajuraho, and indeed of other temples, had a specific purpose. In those days when boys lived in hermitages, following the Hindu law of being "brahmacharis" until they attained manhood, the only way they could prepare themselves for the worldly role of 'householder' was through the study of these sculptures and the earthly passions they depicted.

·         If the temples of Khajuraho can be said to have a theme, it is woman. A celebration of woman and her myriad moods and facets- Writing letters, applying kohl to her eyes, brushing her hair, dancing with joyous abandon playing with her child. Woman - innocent, coquettish, smiling - infinitely seductive, infinitely beautiful. Depicted in a wealth of detail, sharply etched, sculpted with consummate artistry. The philosophy of the age dictated the enjoyment of the delights of arth (material wealth) and kama (sensual pleasures) while performing one's dharma (duty) as the accepted way of life for the grihastha (householder). Hence, the powerful combination of the visual and sensual pleasures combined with the duty attributed to the worship of the Dieties brings about a powerful transformation of the body and the soul. To include all of these aspects of life in one's early years makes it easier to renounce them without regret or attachment as one moves on to one's next stages of life toward moksha (liberation).

·         The Khajuraho is located in the state of Madhya Pradesh in India. The name Khajuraho is known to allover the world for its architecture of temples, and sculpture.

·         Mainly the Khajuraho is famous for their erotic sculptures. The temples of glorious tradition of artistic values are the state`s most famous attraction. Total 85 temples were built in that period but unfortunately only 22 are able to survive today.

                     The construction of the Khajuraho temple is an art of thousand-year old took a little over two centuries. The architectural style of these temples shows the high peak of the north Indian `nagara` style of temple. Out of 22, many temples are in splendid condition. Khajuraho is visited each year by tourists from all over the world. 

 Fig.31
              The sculptures of this world famous place include statues of various Hindu gods and goddesses, warriors, celestial dancers and animals, & also the couples in erotic poses. It seems that the underlying theme of these sculptures is based on the Hindu philosophy of Yoga and Bhoga i.e. physical pleasure.

·                     Vaishnavite cult is responsible for introducing the concept of BHOGA as means of liberation of the soul from the cycle of rebirths. Nut this is a misnomer and has been promoted by the later Vaishnavites of the Ramayana epoch. Chasitity is considered by Rama and also the common like a washerman of the Rama epoch consider the observation of a single husband (or eka-pathivarym) as supreme. Similarly the man also should adore only his wife and not others and Lord Rama was a singular example of it.  These two are considered as the paths of leading to the final liberation.   

 

Fig.32

                    From the sculptures, it reflects the celebration of a Hindu faith that is exuberant in its love for the divine. As per this, all life of a human being was seen as an expression of divinity, even human love was not considered as an exception. 

 Fig.33

                Therefore, the union between man and woman was seen as the culmination of devotion. Even it was viewed as symbolic of the union of the devotee with god and divinity.

 Fig.34.

  Besides exotic sculpture, the other sculptures in these temples were chiefly depicting the daily lives of the people in the 10th and 11th centuries AD.

History

            It is rightly said that Khajuraho invokes the mind & fires the process of imagination. From past many years, Art historians have tried to find out a solution to the mystery of Khajuraho, but all attempts in this direction are eventually guesswork.

       Ancient periods are often deeply rooted in mystery. This is largely because hardly any written records or firm evidences are preserved from that time. And, in case of India, myth and legend weave the fabric with time into the history of their origin and their reign. And if the legacy about the dynasty left behind is as contradictory as Khajuraho temples, that present a mixture of the religious and the sensuous values, the accompanying legends becomes more colourful.

                 In ancient times, Khajuraho or `Khajur-vahika` means bearer of date palms, was also known as `Khajjurpura`. The name is evidently derived from the golden date palms i.e.khajur that were adorning the gates of Khajuraho.

The legend  

            The creators of Khajuraho are claimed as the descent of the moon. The legend in this relation describes that the origin of this great Chandela dynasty is very much fascinating. The moon god while bathing in the Rati one evening once seduced Hemavati, the beautiful & young daughter of a Brahmin priest.

             And the child was born of this union between a mortal and a god was a son of named Chandravarman. The child was harassed by society, so the unmarried mother went in the dense forest of central India. At this place, the upbringing of the child was continued with lessons given by a Guru to her young `son.

             The boy was the founder of the great Chandela dynasty. After establishing as the ruler, he saw a dream of his mother for imploring him to build temples that would reveal human passions, and through it bring a vision about a realization of the emptiness of human desire. And from obeying this message, Chandravarman began the construction of the first of the temples and successive rulers added in the construction of stone carving.

                 The carvings on walls of Khajuraho are claimed as an example of erotic art form. But certainly that the stone sculptures on temples represent the expression, of a highly matured civilization.

                  Yet another answer to the eroticism is that the erotica of Khajuraho, and indeed of other temples, follows a specific purpose. As in those days when boys lived in hermitages as per the Hindu law of being "brahmacharis" until they attained manhood, to prepare themselves for the worldly role of `householder` was the only way that is through the study of these sculptures and the earthly passions they depicted through carvings.

Architecture of Khajuraho

           Khajuraho temples in Central India is most illustrious manifestations that represent the skills of Indian architecture. These are from the 10th-11th century represent religiosity, patronage with artistic genius and aesthetic sensibility in its overall appearance.

         These temples are neglected for a long period; maybe in first glance these seem to be lost into obscurity. It is believed that these were constructed during the Chandela rule, but the temples belong to Shaivism and Vaishnavism sects of Hinduism, Jainism and `tantrism`.

                One striking difference is seen in these temples - enclosure wall for surrounding the temples is absolutely absent and each temple is constructed on a high and solid raised masonry platform.

                Though cannot be said as huge, these temples are having elegant proportions. The sculptures on their exteriors and interiors adorned the temples.
The walled sculptures in these temples include the depiction of numerous deities, their attendants, celestial maidens somewhere in sensuous positions and provocative postures, embracing couples - some of them are in erotic sexual positions, dancers and musicians and couples engaged in love.
                 Surprisingly, only one temple consists of over six hundred and fifty such figures ranging from sensual and warm depictions to explicit sexual activity. Some of the historians believe that the sexual activities of these figures are employed for illustrating the tantric rites. However, some of these much-famed or much-notorious sexual postures, according to some are said to follow the ancient Indian manual of art of making love, the Kama Sutra. Khajuraho temples are constructed mainly with spiral superstructures with adhering to northern Indian shikhara temple style. But few temples are dedicated to the Jain pantheon and the rest are showing to Hindu deities - to God`s Trio, Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva, and various Devi forms.

                   The Panchayatana temple format is also seen in some temples. A Panchayatana temple is marked with four subordinate shrines, each at four corners of temple and the main shrine is in the center of the scene, comprising the base.

                   All the temples are for the purpose of geographical divisions grouped into three: western, eastern and southern. A rise secondary shikharas (spires) are used to create appropriate base for the main shikhara over the sanctum. The most accomplished temples of Kandariya Mahadeva, from the Western group, comprises of eighty-four shikharas. And the main shikharas is at the 116 feet from the ground level. These shikharas - including subordinate and main helps in giving the Khajuraho temples their unique splendor and special character.
                  With a graded rise made in the construction of these shikharas from over the ardhamandapa (porch) to mandapa, (assembly hall), mahamandapa (principal assembly hall), antarala (vestibule) and garbhagraha (sanctum sanctorum), Khajuraho temples attain the unique form and glory of gradually rising Himalayan peaks. 

Erotic Sculptures of Khajuraho

 

           

   Fig.35
             As stated before, The name of Khajuraho is derived from khajura i.e. date palm, which grows freely in the contemporary surrounding. The old name was Kharjuravahaka means scorpion bearer, as the scorpion is primarily symbolizing poisonous lust. The temples were built between 950 and 1050 AD in the truly inspired weave of creativity. The Chandela kings were followers of the tantric cult with holding a belief that gratification made in the earthly desires can lead to a step towards attaining the ultimate liberation. People have mostly misunderstood tantrism and the part of philosophical tantras like the Mahanirvana tantra have been totally forgotten. But some of the main point regarding the exotic sculpture that are marked in Khajuraho are as follows:

             Fig.36
             The strong emphasize must be given that temples of Khajuraho do not contain any sexual themes that is carved in stone inside the premises of temples or near the deity. But instead, such depiction is seen only on external carvings of walls of the temples.

 1. They chiefly portray & insist on the fact that for `seeing the deity`; one must leave all his sexual desires outside the temple. They also pass on the message that the deity in inside of the temple is as pure as the soul of the man. And is unaffected by any desire, destiny etc.

2. Almost as many as 10% of the total carvings contain sexual themes as the subject of presentation and is not between any deities but between ordinary humans. And a large proportion of sculpture depicts the common man`s life in those days. For example women busy in applying makeup, musicians with their instruments, potters, farmers etc. And all these are carved away from temple deities to symbolizing the truth - one should always have God as the central point in the life of him, even though virtually he is engaged in worldly activities.
3. In Khajuraho temples, the idols of all respected Gods like Shiva, Nandi, Goddess like Durga, or the incarnations of Vishnu etc are carved in fully clothed appearance.        

The Khajuraho village is surrounded by the series of mountains. Out of 22 temples only two are made from sandstone. And the rest of all are created in stones where the stone blocks are carved with designs first and then the interlocking of these blocks are assembled to form a temple. Each temple appears as different from the other.

Location of Khajaraho Temples

·         Situated in the heart of Central India, in the state of Madhya Pradesh, Khajuraho is a fascinating village with a quaint rural ambience and a rich cultural heritage. The fascinating temples of Khajuraho, India's unique gift of love to the world, represent the expression of a highly matured civilization. It is one of the top tourist places of India. An Airport has been built in this small village. Tourists with fat pockets but less time can fly Delhi-Agra-Khajuraho-Delhi in a day! There are a lot of hotels in the area to stay. A few are run by foreginers. The shops in Khujaraho sell a lot of handicrafts and some of them are really good and reasonably priced.

Khajuraho Today

·         The temples are a world heritage site and belong not just to India but to the world. The Archeological Survey of India's dedicated efforts towards their conservation rank them against the best preserved monuments of this antiquity. Most of the temples are built of sandstone in varying shades of buff, pink or pale yellow. They each belong to a different sect, the Shiva, Vaishnava or Jaina Sects, but are often indistingushable from one another to the untrained eye. The temples are lofty with ample walking space separating them. The interior rooms are inter connected and placed in an East/West line. Each contains an entrance, a hall, a vestibule and a sanctum. Windows were added to the larger temples to add a feeling of space and light.

·         The openings face East with lavishly carved archways. The interior ceilings are carved with geometrical and floral designs. The roofs are a series of graded peaks that resemble a mountain range and in all probability, represent the possibility of higher levels of spiritual attainment. Erotic scenes represent a relatively small part of the carvings but sensuous eroticism prevails throughout all of the sculptures. In general, lower indulgences appear lower on the temple while the dieties appear near the top. Most of the statues are about a meter high. The goddesses and gods represent the many manifestations of the divine Shakti and Shiva, the female and male principles, the Yin and the Yang. 

Fig.37.

·         The divine sculptures in these temples, are a tribute to Life itself, embodying everything that is sublime and spontaneous about it. Popularly known as the 10th century temples, they represent a time frame when Khajuraho art was at its zenith. Visit to Khajuraho is a unique experience and is exciting for conservationists, students, environmentalists, culture lovers or simply those in search of an exotic destination with multiple attractions. 

 

  Fig.38

·         Laurence Rogerson a tourist from UK says the statues and carvings cover every inch of every ceiling and wall. The erotic carvings on the temples at Khajuraho give the place it's fame. Erotic or not the level of detail is quite magnificent as these pictures clearly do show. Another tourist from Australia says "these temples depict scenes from elephant fights, mythical lions, gods, and erotic couples. In a frieze that seemed to be an exception a sodomistic scene was depicted where onlookers hold their hands in front of their eyes in disgust. The erotic scenes are sort of a 3-D rendering of the Kama Sutra book, a graphical instruction manual."

·         One of the Jain temples to the east of the village has a statue and pictures of a nude man. According to the locals some of the Jain Pilgrims celebrate there without even a leaf on them. Pieces of the statues from the temples can be seen embedded in the houses of the village. Statues were used as cheap building material for building the roads too. 

What To See
 

·         The temples are grouped into three geographical divisions : western, eastern and southern.

·         Western Group

·         The Western group is certainly the best known, because it is to this group that the largest and most typical Khajuraho temple belongs.

Kandariya Mahadeo

             This is the largest, and most typical Khajuraho temple. There are abput 900 statues.

·                     Dedicated to Lord Shiva, Perfectly symmetrical,  it soars 31 m high. The sanctum enshrines a lingam, while the portico, main hall, transept, vestibule, sanctum and ambulatory. The ceilings are particularly noteworthy and the pillars supporting them have intricately carved main shrine is ornately carved and depicts various gods, goddesses, apsaras (heavenly maidens) in elaborate detail. The entrance arch, the massive pillars and ceilings are adorned with exquisite carvings, that leave the visitor spellbound. Beyond the archway of the Kandariya Mahadev, lie the six interior compartments; the capitals. The transept's outer walls have three horizontal panels showing deities of the Hindu pantheon, and groups of lovers, a pageant of sensuousness, vibrantly alive. 

·                     Fig.39

·         Chaunsat Yogini: The oldest surviving temple in the group (900 A.D.), this is the sole granite temple dedicated to Goddess Kali. Only 35 of the original 65 cells remain and no image of Kali has survived : not surprisingly, since this is the earliest surviving shrine of the group dated to 900 AD. Another Kali temple, which was originally dedicated to Lord Vishnu, is the Devi Jagdambe temple.

·         Chitragupta Temple: Dedicated to the sun-god, Surya, this temple faces eastwards to the rising sun. The inner sanctum boasts of an impressive image of the presiding deity - the majestic sun-god looming 5 feet high, and driving a chariot. The other group scenes depict royal processions, group dances and other scenes of sheer luxury, typical of the Chandela court-life. 

·         Fig.40

·         Vishwanath Temple: The temple enshrines a three-headed image of Lord Brahma. Lions guard the northern entrance to the structure, while elephants flank the southern flight of steps that lead upto it. The exteriors are profusely carved, and facing the shrine is a Nandi Temple with a massive, 6 ft high Nandi bull.

·         Lakshamana Temple: The lintel over the entrance of this temple dedicated to Lord Vishnu, shows the holy trinity of Brahma, Vishnu and Shiva with Goddess Lakshmi, Vishnu's consort. The sanctum is adorned with a three-headed idol of Vishnu's incarnations, Narasimha and Varaha. The latter, the boar incarnation also appears as a nine-feet high statue at the Varaha Temple. 

          Fig.41

·         Matangeshwara Temple: This temple, which happens to be outside the precincts of the western group, is dedicated to Lord Shiva. It boasts of an eight feet high lingam. It is still a place of worship. South of this temple is the open air Archaeological Museum, which has a beautiful displayed collection of statues and friezes collected from the area : the remains of long vanished temples

Eastern Group

·         Parsavanatha Temple: The largest in the group of three Jain temples, the Parsavanath image in this temple, was installed in 1860. The sculptures on the northern wall depict everyday activity, in awesome detail. A woman sits bent pensively on a letter, a lovely young girl removes a thorn from her foot, the master craftsmen of Khajuraho display here their deep understanding of the trifles that make up a human life. Within the temple, a throne faces the bull emblem of first tirthankara, Adinath.

·         Ghantai Temple: This Jain temple has a frieze depicting the 16 dreams of Mahavira's mother, and a multi-armed Jain goddess perched on a winged Garuda.

·         Adinatha Temple: The last of the Jain temples, is dedicated to the Jain saint, Adinatha, and is gorgeously adorned with sculptures of yakshis among others.

·         The three Hindu temples in this group are the Brahma temple, which has a four-faced lingam, The Vamana temple which is embellished with images of ravishing apsaras at their alluring best; and finally the Javari temple, with its ornate gateway and lavish carvings. A variety of sensuous attitudes : languid, provocative, mischievously inviting, give credibility to the theory that Khajuraho's erotica were meant to test the devotees who came to worship their gods at the temples.

·         5 km from the Khajuraho village, lies the Southern Group.

·         Duladeo Temple: Dedicated to Lord Shiva, the highlights of this temple are the sensuous images of the apsaras, and other exquisite sculptures.

·    Chaturbhuj Temple: This temple sports a huge, elaborately carved image of Vishnu in the sanctum

·         Festivals Khajuraho Dance Festival -To mark the true spirit of Khajuraho, a dance festival is held here in March, every year, wherein, ace artistes of various dance forms participate.

·         Fig. 42

Mahashivaratri (Feb/Mar) - Devotees come in huge numbers to the Matangeshwar temple.

·       How to Reach:

·         By Air : A daily Boeing 737 service links Khajuraho with Delhi, Agra, Varanasi and Kathmandu.

·         By Rail The nearest railheads are Mahoba (64 km) and Harpalpur (94 km). Jhansi (175 km) and Satna (117 km) are convenient railheads for visitors from Delhi, Mumbai, Calcutta, Chennai, Agra and Varanasi.

·         By Road Khajuraho is connected by regular bus services with Mahoba, Harpalpur, Satna, Jhansi, Gwalior, Agra, Jabalpur and Bhopal.

·         Best Season September to March.

Around Khajuraho

·         Benisagar Lake (11 km) - A picnic spot and a dam of the Khudar river. Ideal for boating and angling.

·         Ranguan Lake (25 km) - A dam site at the confluence of the Ken and Simri rivers. Pandav Waterfall (30 km) - A waterfall on river Ken. The Pandavas of the Mahabharata are believed to have spent a part of their exile here. Ranch Waterfalls (20 km) - Waterfalls on the Ken river, famous for rock formations. Rajgarh Palace (25 km) - More than 150 years old, this palace nestles at the foot of the Manjyagarh hills.

·         Panna (45 km) - A historic town and capital of the Bundela kingdom. Dhubela Museum (64 km) - The museum is located in an old fort, on the Jhansi-Khajuraho road. It houses the personal effects of Chhatrasal and other Bundela rulers. Ajaygarh Fort (80 km) - An old fort, built at a height of 688 metres, and capital of the Chandelas during their decline.

·         Kalinjar Fort (100 km) - The fort is located on the Vindhya range, 38 km away from the Atarra Railway station. It was built during the Gupta period and captured by Shri Yashovarman, the Chandela king, in the 10th century. Panna Diamond Mines (56 km) - India's only diamond mines, located at Majhgawan.
               Panna National Park(40 km) - It is spread over 546 sq. km along the east bank of the river Ken. Dense forest cover, rocky gorges and waterfalls make for ideal wildlife watching.

·         Bandhavgarh National Park (237 km) Lesiure activities - Angling at Benisagar and Ranguan lake.

·         Permission of the Assistant Director Fisheries Department, Nowgong, Madhya Pradesh is necessary. Boating facility is available at Benisagar lake.

·         Khajuraho is surrounded by historic heritage sites; remains from then fourth century BC, belonging to the Maurya empire have been found at Datla, which is near Khajuraho. Bharhut and Sanchi are regions near Khajuraho, where Buddhism flourished during the second century BC. During the fifth and the sixth centuries AD, the Guptas and the Vakatakas constructed a number of temples, with a wide variety of sculptures at Devgadh, Bhumara, Nachna, Khoh, Eran, and other nearby sites. Even during the ninth century AD, under the Pratiharas, several temples were constructed, including the Jarai Mata temple at Barwasagar, which is near Jhansi, the Sun temple at Mankhera near Tikamgadh, and the temples at Mau-Suhania and Kainri in Chhatarpur district.The Pratihara style seems to have percolated into Khajuraho too, which is evident from the recently excavated sculptures from there.

·         Khajuraho leaves a lasting first impression on the visitors; With huge mind-blowing temples, where not an inch is left uncovered with sculptures, one is welcomed into the chivalric world of the middle ages, a world of warriors, musicians, dancers, animals, the celestial maidens (apsaras), all carved beautifully on stone. These apart, the architecture of each Khajuraho temple is a monumental sculpture in itself.Traditionally, it is believed that there were eighty-five temples in Khajuraho; However today only twenty five khajuraho temples remain, and are being preserved. These khajuraho temples are surrounded by the most exotic locations, as they stand amidst the banks of tranquil lakes, and lush green fields and gardens. Most of the temples are not used for worship any more, only two of them are used for worship today.

            Although Indian accounts to a large extent ignored Alexander the Great Indus campaign in 326 B.C., Greek writers recorded their impressions of the general conditions prevailing in South Asia during this period. Thus, the year 326 B.C. provides the first clear and historically verifiable date in Indian history. A one-way cultural fusion between several Indo-Greek elements--especially in art, architecture, and coinage--occurred in the next several hundred years. North India's political landscape was transformed by the emergence of Magadha in the eastern Indo-Gangetic Plain. In 322 B.C., Magadha, under the rule of Chandragupta Maurya, began to assert its hegemony over neighboring areas. Chandragupta, who ruled from 324 to 301 B.C., was the architect of the first Indian imperial power--the Mauryan Empire (326-184 B.C.)--whose capital was Pataliputra, near modern-day Patna, in Bihar. Situated on rich alluvial soil and near mineral deposits, especially iron, Magadha was at the center of bustling commerce and trade. The capital was a city of magnificent palaces, temples, a university, a library, gardens, and parks, as reported by Megasthenes, the third-century B.C. Greek historian and ambassador to the Mauryan court.

 Kautilya, the Brahman author of the Arthashastra:

                 No much mention and praise of this architect of an Indian Empire is given by both the historians in India and abroad since he is a Brahmin and an uncrowned King of the Hindu Empire, so-called Mauryan court. The fact that Brahmins of Vedic Knowledge propounders and rejuvenation of INTELLECT INDIA,  like Adi Sankaracharya, the unknown Brahmins of the Indus Civilization, Vidyaranya Swami of Hampi Vijayanagar Empire, The Brahmin adviser of Chatrapatti Shivaji and many more not the least the Thimmarsu of  Telugu Kingdom at Thungabhadra River seldom find a place of mention and honor by Modern India.

Chandragupta's success:

                 Legend states that Chandragupta's success was due in large measure to his adviser Kautilya, the Brahman author of the Arthashastra (Science of Material Gain), a textbook that outlined governmental administration and political strategy. There was a highly centralized and hierarchical government with a large staff, which regulated tax collection, trade and commerce, industrial arts, mining, vital statistics, welfare of foreigners, maintenance of public places including markets and temples, and prostitutes. A large standing army and a well-developed espionage system were maintained. The empire was divided into provinces, districts, and villages governed by a host of centrally appointed local officials, who replicated the functions of the central administration. Megasthenes the cunning ambassador to Magadha Empire observed that “The whole country is under tank based irrigation systems and is very prosperous because of the double harvests which they are able to reap each year.” There were about 2, 00,000varities of rice in India but the present day, great green revolution has snubbed the entire bio-diversity of the Sacred Land India.

                  During 4^th and 5^th Century AD, Gupta Dynasty flourished and. during this period, known as India's Golden Age, Hindu culture and political administration reached new heights. .The Classical Age refers to the period when most of North India was reunited under the Gupta Empire (ca. A.D. 320-550). Because of the relative peace, law and order, and extensive cultural achievements during this period, it has been described as a "golden age" that crystallized the elements of what is generally known as Hindu culture with all its variety, contradiction, and synthesis.

                    About a period earlier to it and perhaps aeons ago, Kalinga Desha was flourishing with power of land, Sea and even air-travel with the help of birds, perhaps human made machines, and to-day about 700 temples exist and Bhubaneswar city is called the TEMPLE CITY. The guides to-day at that place say that the place Dhawala was the last region where the Ashoka emperor fought with Kalinga Sena and the rivers here have flowed with the blood of the dead kalingas. The imposition of Buddhism is evident from his inscriptions and Hindus have been shattered.  Luckily the temples survived due to the thick forests that existed around the place. But the Buddhism was off shoot of Hindu Dharma hence it has got nicely mingled with the common people’s faith of vegetarian food, to avoid sacrifice of innocent animals and the sharing of wealth with others. The common people are also the Vanavashis and the Manyam dwellers. The cult of worship and Pujas of hilly gods and goddesses, with sacrifice was certainly dominant due to the unknown history of sacrifice that has engulfed both the North and South India due to the foreign contacts of Arabian, Chinese and the Egyptian dogma faiths. The acceptance of some dogmas from the external world and civilizations by common people of India with a respect for their cunning wisdom innocently was the greatest drawback for the unity of India. But somehow the harmony existed i.e. irrevocably a consequence of the Hindu concept of tolerance.

Kalinga Empire

                    The Southern part of India was dominated by the Kalinga empire and its trade and commerce via the rivers of the South and to the Kanyakumari were evident but not properly recorded since the Historians are more fascinated by the Northern History. Over the sea they had links with the Romans, Egyptians and other western civilizations and were regarded as very powerful sea voyagers and tradesman. From the Chinese side the sacrifice and killings of animals for medicinal purposes was imported to India. The Kalinga Desha people had several spoken languages that have richly contributed to furtherance of Sanskrit language. The difference lies in the scripts Brahmi Lippi for a common man while, the Devanagari script was used in King’s administration of the country with the INTELLECT INDIA administrators.  In South, North, East and West regions of India, Sanskrit was the language of administration and the common man had different dialects but they lived harmoniously under the one faith i.e. Hindu Vedic order. Only after, the First World War that was fought at Ranastala, in Srikakulam between Kalinga Empire and the Magadha Empire under the treacherous ambassador Magastanese’s advice. He was from Greece the infight among was first created for power and wealth in India.

                    The military exploits of the first three rulers--Chandragupta I (ca. 319-335), Samudragupta (ca. 335-376), and Chandragupta II (ca. 376-415)--brought all of North India under their leadership. From Pataliputra, their capital, they sought to retain political preeminence as much by pragmatism and judicious marriage alliances as by military strength.

Ashoka:

                   Ashoka, grandson of Chandragupta, ruled from 269 to 232 B.C. and was one of India's most illustrious rulers. Ashoka's inscriptions chiseled on rocks and stone pillars located at strategic locations throughout his empire--such as Lampaka (Laghman in modern Afghanistan), Mahastan (in modern Bangladesh), and Brahmagiri (in Karnataka)--constitute the second set of datable historical records. According to some of the inscriptions, in the aftermath of the carnage resulting from his campaign against the powerful kingdom of Kalinga (modern Orissa), Ashoka renounced bloodshed and pursued a policy of nonviolence or ahimsa, espousing a theory of rule by righteousness. His toleration for different religious beliefs and languages reflected the realities of India's regional pluralism although he personally seems to have followed Buddhism (see Buddhism, ch. 3). Early Buddhist stories assert that he convened a Buddhist council at his capital, regularly undertook tours within his realm, and sent Buddhist missionary ambassadors to Sri Lanka.

                 Contacts established with the Hellenistic world in The Mauryan Empire the reign of Ashoka's predecessors served him well. He sent diplomatic-cum-religious missions to the rulers of Syria, Macedonia, and Epirus, who learned about India's religious traditions, especially Buddhism. India's northwest retained many Persian cultural elements, which might explain Ashoka's rock inscriptions--such inscriptions were commonly associated with Persian rulers. Ashoka's Greek and Aramaic inscriptions found in Kandahar in Afghanistan may also reveal his desire to maintain ties with people outside of India after the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire in the second century B.C.; South Asia became a collage of regional powers with overlapping boundaries. India's unguarded northwestern border again attracted a series of invaders between 200 B.C. and A.D. 300. Also, this period witnessed remarkable intellectual and artistic achievements inspired by cultural diffusion and syncretism. The Shakas exit out of northwestern India and allowed the establishment of the Kushana Kingdom (first century B.C.-third century A.D.). The Kushana Kingdom controlled parts of Afghanistan and Iran, and in India the realm stretched from Purushapura (modern Peshawar, Pakistan) in the northwest, to Varanasi (Uttar Pradesh) in the east, and to Sanchi (Madhya Pradesh) in the south. For a short period, the kingdom reached still farther east, to Pataliputra. The Kushana Kingdom was the crucible of trade among the Indian, Persian, Chinese, and Roman empires and controlled a critical part of the legendary Silk Road. Kanishka, who reigned for two decades starting around A.D. 78, was the most noteworthy Kushana ruler. He converted to Buddhism and convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir. The Kushanas were patrons of Gandharan art, a synthesis between Indian styles, and Sanskrit literature. They initiated a new era called Shaka in A.D. 78, and their calendar, which was formally recognized by India for civil purposes starting on March 22, 1957, is still in use. After the disintegration of the Mauryan Empire in the second century B.C., South Asia became a collage of regional powers with overlapping boundaries. India's unguarded northwestern border again attracted a series of invaders between 200 B.C. and A.D. 300. The Kushana Kingdom was the crucible of trade among the Indian, Persian, Chinese, and Roman empires and controlled a critical part of the legendary Silk Road. Kanishka, who reigned for two decades starting around A.D. 78, was the most noteworthy Kushana ruler. He converted to Buddhism and convened a great Buddhist council in Kashmir. The Kushanas were patrons of Gandharan art and Sanskrit literature. They initiated a new era called Shaka in A.D. 78, and their calendar, which was formally recognized by India for civil purposes starting on March 22, 1957, is still in use.

                   Under Harsha Vardhana (or Harsha, r. 606-47), North India was reunited briefly, but neither the Gupta Empire nor Harsha controlled a centralized state, and their administrative styles rested on the collaboration of regional and local officials for administering their rule rather than on centrally appointed personnel. The Gupta period marked a watershed of Indian culture: the Guptas performed Vedic sacrifices to legitimize their rule, but they also patronized Buddhism, which continued to provide an alternative to Hindu order of administration and life in India. The most significant achievements of this period, however, were in religion, education, mathematics, art, and Sanskrit literature and drama. There is evidence that drama has migrated from the pre-Kalinga Empire period to the North.

Education

                 Education included grammar, composition, logic, metaphysics, mathematics, medicine, and astronomy. These subjects became highly specialized and reached an advanced level. The Indian numeral system, sometimes erroneously attributed to the Arabs, who took it from India to Europe where it replaced the Roman system and the decimal system are Indian inventions of dating back to Brahmi script period. Aryabhatta's expositions on astronomy in 499AD, moreover, gave calculations of the solar year and the shape and movement of astral bodies with remarkable accuracy. The quoted numbers for the Solar year is 365days 6hours 12minutes 30seconds while the day has been reckoned as 23hours 56minutes 4.1seconds. 

About eclipses he states that

                             “chadayati sasii Suryan sasinam mahati ca bhuchhaya”.

   Sloka 37 of Aryabhattiam.

                    Bhaskara told Leelavathi his daughter that whatever eyes see is not reality. Earth is not flat as it is sphere. If one quarters of the circumference of the Earth is drawn it would be a curve not a straight line.

                  The treatise Aryabhattiam was translated into Latin in 13^th century. Probably that is the period from which the stealing of treatises from India via the Arabs started by the jealous west scholars. In medicine, Charaka and Sushruta wrote about a fully evolved system. The Surya Siddhanta in the 12^th chapter and sloka 32 states Earth has a dharanatmika shakthi:

                

                “madhye samantandasya bhugola

                 Vyamni tisthati bibhranah paramam

                 Saktim brahmano dharanatmika.”

Vedic mantra in Rig-Veda 1.33.8 states

                           “cakranasah parinahain prthvya”

Meaning people reside on the circumference of Earth.

 Pancha Sidhantika in 13^th chapter states

                    ” Panca mahabhutamaya straragana,  panjare mahilgolah”.

  i.e. Spherical Earth of 5 bhutas like iron ball is in a cage.

                  Concept of elapsing time in a relativity sense exists in the Hindu thought and has been illustrated by a specific example involving numbers!

               Bhagavatham 9^th Chapter, 36 slokas,  it is stated that the king Kukudmi, has a son  Raivataka and daughter Revati. But Revati daughter is very tall. The king goes to Brahma loka where he gave a music recital as a penance for his sins.  Brahma listening to the recital and asked why the King came with his daughter to Brahma Loka. King asked Brhama why he created his daughter so tall? He advised him go back to earth and marry the daughter to Krishna’s brother Balarama.  

              The 15 minutes of music recitation in Brahma loka is equal to 27 Chaturyugas (=4320000 years * 27) that elapsed on the Earth and Earth is in the 28^th Chatur Yuga ( Satya Yuga has  ) with the Dwapara Yuga  running. 

              This means that this world of Brahma has a motion that makes the time to shortenby an enormous factor. The point to ponder here is whether the time that we understand is it the same as the Cosmology time or Terrestrail reckoning of time within the Galaxy of Milky Way. The relativity thought in Bhagavatham is PAR EXCELLENT.

                      Bhagavatam in sloka 7.7 specifies Krishna teaching Arjuna in the battle field that different rates of time flow exist at different celestial spheres. 

                   “ mattah parataram nanyat kincidasti dhananjaya

                     Mayi sarvamidam protam sutre manigana iva “                                                

Relation of Gigantic objects with the minutest particles.

                   

                    Yogavashishta speaks about beyond “Space & Time”.  Other Rushis who wrote about it in Saankhya, Nyaya, Mimamsa, and Vaishesika Darshani(Prasistapala gave commentary on the V.Dharshan) treatises.  Padarthartha sangraham deals with matter in terms of time. Kapila described in Saankhya Sastra about 24 aspects of Universe and its components. Matter has both Anu Sthithi (Micro-Atomic) and Mahat sthithi (Macro-Motion). Verse 7-1-11. Atma is influenced by mater, quality and action. Verse 7-1-20 and 7-1-22. “Nityam parimandalam”. Basic nature and identity of matter in its division is thought in the Verse 7-1-12to14.

Genetic Charts of INTELLECT INDIA.

            There are about 84,00,000 species: that includes stavara: 20,00,000(non-movable); Jalachara:9,00,000(acquatic); Kurmas: 9,00,000(amphiba and reptiles); Paksh:10,00,000(birds); Pashu: 30,00,000(animals); vanaras:4,00,000(anthropoids); manushya:2,00,000.

Indian medicine

                The greatness of Indian medicine is that it discouraged dissection and anatomy and Indian physicians excelled in pharmacopoeia, caesarean section, bone setting, and skin grafting.

                 In the 10th and 11th centuries, Turks and Afghans invaded India and established sultanates in Delhi. In the early 16th century, descendants of Genghis Khan swept across the Khyber Pass and established the Mughal Dynasty, which lasted for 200 years. From the 11th to the 15th centuries, southern India was dominated by Hindu Chola and Vijayanagar Dynasties.

                 Even in the year 1923 one paradigmatic personalities like Captain Srinivas Murthi and an authority on traditional medicine, head of the Adayar Library, was a secretary to the debate on the future of the indigenous medicine. He translated the Merchant of Venice into Telugu. It is noted that a young Brahmin boy belonging to the Kadiayalu family of East Godavari District has been taken away to Germany immediately aftr four years when he completed the training program of Veda education in a Gurukula of ancient India school. The where abouts of him are not known to-date and it is taken for granted  that he has been last in the turmoil of world war.

SAINTS

Basaveswar 1131-1167

               Lingayat sect of Saivas lived in Kannada desh and is a disciple of Sangmeswara. Preached right understanding, right thought, right speech, right action, right livelihood, right effort, right mindfulness and right concentration.

Madhwacharya 1238-1317

               Preached adsvaitha At the age of 12 years took sanyasi and wrote Veda Vigyana. Later went to Badhari not seen after 1317.

Sant Gyaneswar 1275-1296

                Belongs to Maharashtra he is a great philosopher and had an independent view about Indian Treatises like Bhavatgita etc. It seems was not accepted in the court of Sri Krishna Devaraya of Hampi & Vijayanagar.

CONCLUSION

          Article A  on “INTELLECT INDIA”.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

                          The author is greatly indebted to Late Prof K. R. Rao D.Sc. (Madras) D.Sc. (London) for his generous uplift of the students to extrordinary levels of research in several branches of S&T at the Andhra University, Waltair during 1931-1972 years and for imbibing in him the academic outlook.